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" " " " """"""""""""""""""" "!"""#"$"%"&"'"(")"*"+","-"."/"0"1"2"3"4"5"6"7"8"9":";"<"=">"?"@"A"B"C"D"E"F"G"H"I"J"K"L"M"N"O"P"Q"R"S"T"U"V"W"X"Y"Z"["\"]"^"_"`"a"b"c"d"e"f"g"h"i"j"k"l"m"n"o"p"q"r"s"t"u"v"w"x"y"z"{"|"}"~""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""######### # # # # ################### #!#"###$#%#&#'#(#)#*#+#,#-#.#/#0#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9#:#;#<#=#>#?#@#A#B#C#D#E#F#G#H#I#J#K#L#M#N#O#P#Q#R#S#T#U#V#W#X#Y#Z#[#\#]#^#_#`#a#b#c#d#e#f#g#h#i#j#k#l#m#n#o#p#q#r#s#t#u#v#w#x#y#z#{#|#}#~##################################################################################################################################$$$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $!$"$#$$$%$&$'$($)$*$+$,$-$.$/$0$1$2$3$4$5$6$7$8$9$:$;$<$=$>$?$@$A$B$C$D$E$F$G$H$I$J$K$L$M$N$O$P$Q$R$S$T$U$V$W$X$Y$Z$[$\$]$^$_$`$a$b$c$d$e$f$g$h$i$j$k$l$m$n$o$p$q$r$s$t$u$v$w$x$y$z${$|$}$~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%%%%%%%%% % % % % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %!%"%#%$%%%&%'%(%)%*%+%,%-%.%/%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%:%;%<%=%>%?%@%A%B%C%D%E%F%G%H%I%J%K%L%M%N%O%P%Q%R%S%T%U%V%W%X%Y%Z%[%\%]%^%_%`%a%b%c%d%e%f%g%h%i%j%k%l%m%n%o%p%q%r%s%t%u%v%w%x%y%z%{%|%}%~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&&&&&&&& & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &!&"&#&$&%&&&'&(&)&*&+&,&-&.&/&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&:&;&<&=&>&?&@&A&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&J&K&L&M&N&O&P&Q&R&S&T&U&V&W&X&Y&Z&[&\&]&^&_&`&a&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&j&k&l&m&n&o&p&q&r&s&t&u&v&w&x&y&z&WPCLL ~ @7ELRX]i4o444F|"XXXX'3XXXX3' >3\  MhCd8kMt d&i).a/05M?6 ARrAMAE Pv 5\kM7lMlrlE- M_lˎ{ )3N͜r?̝+]TMMM;MMթD};`QWPC -#  -2  I  .3  Whyisthereaneedtoknowhowmuchprecipitationhasfallen?..2  A  .3  Floodmonitoring,forecasting,andwarning....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOGuidanceforNWSfloodforecasters....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOInputtoNWSoperationalhydrologicforecastmodels....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOProtectionoflifeandpropertyO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Numericalweatherprediction....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO4-ddataassimilationtoimprovemodelforecasts....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOVerificationofNWSQPFsO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Watermanagement....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularORecreation....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOIndustries:hydropower,construction,engineering,weatherderivatives,publicworks....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOAgricultureO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Climatemonitoring( (2  I  .3  AprimarygoalintheNWSHydrologyProgramisestimatingarea-averagerainfall..2  A  .3  Usedasinputtolumpedhydrologicforecastmodels(anddistributedmodelsinthenearfuture)..2  A  .3  RiverForecastCenterbasinsizesrangefrom100-800mi2(<10mi2innearfuture)..2  A  .3  6-hrbasin-avgrainfallaccumulationsneeded...modeltimestepis6hrscurrently(<1hrinnearfuture)..2  A  .3  Time&spacescalesofmodelinganduserproductneedsdriveaccuracyrequirementsforQPE....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOQPEerrorsdecreaseastime/spacescalesincreaseduetotemporal/spatialaveragingO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  TheneedsforimprovedQPEsforhydrologicmodelingareincreasingastheneedforhigherresolutionforecastsincreases(e.g.,forflashflooding)! 2  I  .3  ( (2  I  .3  DataSourcesforEstimatingPrecipitation..2  A  .3  Raingauges..2  A  .3  Radar..2  A  .3  Satellite..2  A  .3  Multisensor(gauges+radar+satellite+lightning+numericalmodel)'   '2  I  .3  EstimatingArealRainfallUsingRainGauges..2  A  .3  Thiessenweighting..2  A  .3  Inverse-distance2weighting..2  A  .3  Optimallinearestimation....2  1  .3  e.g.,kriging..2  A  .3  Estimationtechniquesthatcanaccountforspatially-variablerainfallclimatologies....2  1  .3  e.g.,PRISM....2  1  .3  Importantinmountainousregions"`. "2  I  .3  ThiessenWeighting"`- "2  I  .3  Inverse-Distancef2fWeighting"`  "2  I  .3  OptimalLinearEstimation 2  I  .3  '   '2  I  .3  Commonproblemsinestimatingrainfallusingraingauges..2  A  .3  Measurementerrors....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOWindeffects...underestimation....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOGaugeexposureblockages(trees,buildings,otherinstruments)...underestimation....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOCloggedfunnelorhardwarefailure...underestimation....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSolidprecipitation(snow,hail)...underestimation....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSmalllossduringhighrainrates...underestimationO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Samplingerrorsinspaceandtime....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOPointmeasurements(typical4-12inchdiameterorifice)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSparsegaugenetworksO, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOImpreciseknowledgeofgaugelocations....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOClocktimeerrorsO, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSpatialcorrelationscaleofrainfall(convectivevs.stratiform)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOGaugequalitywebcast:http://meted.ucar.edu/qpf/rgauge/index1.htmO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(  (2  I  .3  SowhywouldsomeNWSforecasterswanttouseonlyraingaugedataasinputtooperationalhydrologicmodelswhenradarestimatesareavailable?..2  A  .3  WSR-88Drainfallestimatesoftencontainsystematicbiasesrelativetoraingaugeestimates....2  1  .3  Streamflowforecastsmaythereforebebiased..2  A  .3  Hydrologicmodelshavebeencalibratedusingonlyarchivedraingaugedata....2  1  .3  Calibrationisatime-consumingprocess..2  A  .3  Butwhatistruth???# #2  I  .3  EstimatingRainfallUsingRadar..2  A  .3  Currentoperationaltechniquesuseempiricalreflectivityfactor-to-rainrate(Z-R)relations....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOJustification:Backscatteringcross-sectionofraindrops(i.e.,reflectivity)isnormallyproportionaltorainrate...butnotinanexactdeterministicwayO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  Futureoperationaltechniqueswillusedualpolarized(H,V)radardatatobetterestimaterainfall....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOTwo+measurementparametersarebetterthanoneO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx'@  '2  I  .3  ReflectivityandRainrateDefined....2  1  .3  2fundamentalparameterscommontothedefinitionsofbothZandR:1)raindropsizeD,and2)numberofdropsperunitvolumen'@$% '2  I  .3  MeasuredDropSizeDistributions....2  1  .3  DSDscanchangeunpredictablywithtimeandlocation# !"#2  I  .3  Implications..2  A  .3  IngeneralZisproportionaltoRsincetheyarebothproportionaltodropsizeandnumber,however......2  A  .3  10largedropscanhavesameZas1000smalldrops,butthosesame10largedropswillproducemuchdifferentRthan1000smalldrops....2  1  .3  radarcannotmeasureDornindividually,onlytheproductnD6( O, \AZ"Arial RegularO@@@ O, \AZ"Arial RegularOԀtobackscatteringcrosssection)..2  A  .3  ThereforeagivenZcanbeassociatedwithmanydifferentRs...thereisnosingleuniquerelationship..2  A  .3  Sincewecantmeasuredropsizedistributionsn(D)remotelyatalllocationsandtimes(usingradarsorraingauges),wearelefttoempiricallyregressZvs.R!p 2  I  .3  -# =>-2  I  .3  PossibleApproachestoDeriveZ-RRelationships..2  A  .3  UsingobservationsorsimulationsofDandn(D),computeZandRdirectlyandderiveananalyticalrelationship(noradarneeded)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOProblems:veryfewdisdrometersoutthere....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODerivedrelationisonlyapplicableforthateventO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Useobserved,coincidentradarZandraingaugerainratedatapairstoderiveanalyticalrelationship....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOProblems:Needgoodqualityradardata....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularONeedhightemporalresolutiongaugeRdata(~minutes)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularONumerouserrorsourcesformeasuringZandgaugeRandthenrelatingthem(e.g.,samplevolumeandaltitudedifferences)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODerivedrelationisonlyapplicableforthateventO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Netresult:ManyscientistshavederivedmanydifferentZ-Rrelationships...69inBattans(1973)book....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOMostaresupposedlyapplicabletospecificrainfalltypesinspecificregions...butlotsofoverlapamongrelationsO, \AZ"Arial RegularO"!p  "2  I  .3  p 2  I  .3  1' 012 "12  I  .3  NWSZ-Rrelationships....2  1  .3  RecommendedforoperationalusewithintheWSR-88DPrecipitationProcessingSystem(PPS)..2  A  .3  Z=300Rf1.4f-summerconvection..2  A  .3  Z=200Rf1.6f-summerstratiform(Marshall-Palmer)..2  A  .3  Z=250Rf1.2f-tropicalcyclones..2  A  .3  Z=130Rf2.0f-winterstratiform(EasternU.S.)..2  A  .3  Z=75Rf2.0f-winterstratiform(WesternU.S.)# &'#2  I  .3  Howcandualpolarizedradarhelp?..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOAddsadditionalradarmeasurementsatverticalpolarization(beyondjustexistinghorizontalZ)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOBetterphysicalrelationshipstorainratethanZ....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODescribesdropshapesinadditiontosize&number..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularORaindropsaregenerallyoblatespheroids....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOBalanceofaerodynamicandsurfacetensionforces..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularORaindropeccentricityisapproximatelyproportionaltodropdiameter....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSmalldropsarespherical....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOLargedropsareflattenedspheroids(bun-shaped)O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularORaindropsgenerallyfallwithmajoraxisinhorizontalO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOZrnicandRyzhkov,1999:Polarimetryforweathersurveillanceradars,Bull.Amer.Met.Soc.80,389-406O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx-# )/*-2  I  .3  PolarimetricRadarMeasurements....2  1  .3  ...capitalizeonsize-dependenteccentricityandhorizontalorientationofraindrops..2  A  .3  Horizontal&verticalreflectivityO, \AZ"Arial RegularO   (backscatteringamplitudes)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  ZfrHfr,ZfrV[mm6m-3]...or...10logZH,V󀀀[dBZ]..2  A  .3  Differentialreflectivity....2  1  .3  ZfrDRfr=10log(ZH/ZV)=dBZH-dBZV󀀀[dB]..2  A  .3  Horizontal&verticalphasesO, \AZ"Arial RegularO   (aforwardpropagationeffect)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  -frHfr,-frV󀀀[deg]..2  A  .3  Differentialphase....2  1  .3  -frDPfr=-frH--V󀀀[deg]..2  A  .3  Specificdifferentialphase....2  1  .3  KfrDPfr=180/! ( [Re(ffrH(D))-Re(fV(D))]n(D)dD[degkm-1]......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOffrHfrandffrVareforward-scatteringamplitudesatHandVO, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  KfrDPfr*=d(-frDP)/d(range)[degkm-1]..2  A  .3  Dopplervelocityf,LDR,#HV# +,#2  I  .3  Willhorizontalandverticalpolarizedradarmeasurementshelptoimproverainfallestimation?..2  A  .3  R  D3.7;Z  D6; KfDP  D4.2O, \AZ"Arial RegularO(largedrops)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO;KDP  D5.6O, \AZ"Arial RegularO(smalldrops)O, \AZ"Arial RegularOԀ....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   ThereforeKDPhasacloserlinearrelationshiptoRthanZtheoretically(RyzhkovandZrnic,JAM1996)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  ZDRisproportionaltomediandropdiameterDfmf..2  A  .3  However,likeZ-Rrelations,[KfDPf,ZfDR,Z]-Rrelationsarestillregression-basedempiricalpowerlaws:....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   R(Z)=0.017Z ffr0.714 frfrက(Z=300R ffr1.4)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   R(K ffrDP frfr)=42.8|K ffrDP frfr| ffr0.802 frfrsign(K ffrDP)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   R(Z,Z ffrDR frfr)=6.42x10 ffr-3 frfrZ ffr0.824ZDR-0.654....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   R(K ffrDP frfr,Z ffrDR)=53.7|KDP|0.910ZDR-0.421sign(KDP)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Polarimetricpowerlawcoefficientswillcertainlybeunknownfunctionsoftimeandspace....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   24/7operationalimprovementisyettobeproven....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   JointPolarizationExperimenthttp://www.nssl.noaa.gov/~schuur/jpole/O, \AZ"Arial RegularO!p 2  I  .3  !p 2  I  .3  "`A !"2  I  .3  PolarimetricRainfallEstimation' #( '2  I  .3  However...therearemanymorepracticalchallengestoestimatingrainfallfromradarthanjustconvertingvariousradarmeasurementstorainrate!!..2  A  .3  Range-dependentbiasesduetononuniformverticalprofileofreflectivity....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOBrightbandcontaminationO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(overestimation)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOElevatedradarsamplingandbeamovershootingO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(underestimation)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOBeamspreadingO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(samplingissue)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Hydrometeorevolutionbetweentheradarbeamandtheground....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOMelting,aggregation,coalescence,dropbreakup,evaporationO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Contaminationofradarmeasurements*....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOAnomalouspropagationO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(overest.)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOGroundreturnsO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(overest.)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOHailO, \AZ"Arial RegularOԀO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(overest.)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOAttenuationO, \AZ"Arial RegularO(underest.)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Radarcalibrationproblems*....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOHardware-relatedbiasesinradarmeasurements(e.g.,ZandZ ffrDR frfr)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Rainvs.snow*..2  A  .3  Beamblockagesandshadowsbehindmountains*'`? '2  I  .3  ProbabilityofDetection,SeattleWSR-88DFeb.6-8,1996,widespreadrain'` @ '2  I  .3  ProbabilityofDetection,SeattleWSR-88DFeb.6-8,1996,widespreadrain( (2  I  .3  DealingwithTerrainBlockagesinWSR-88DPrecip.ProcessingSystem(PPS)..2  A  .3  Goal:Utilizelowest-to-groundunblockedradarsamplevolumes....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOMaprawreflectivitydatafromtilts1-4(0.5-3.5deg)toafixed1-kmx1-degpolargridoutto230kmrange(=refl.hybridscan)......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Reduce3-d(rng,az,el)Zdatato2-d(rng,az)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOUsedigitalDEMterraindatatodeterminebeamblockagesintilts1-4......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Radarbeamsmustclearterrainbyatleast500feet......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Add0-4dBincrementalpowerifblockage<60%(assumesgaussianbeamprofile)......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Usenexthighertiltifbeam>50%blockedO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Tiltselectionmapisstaticatagivensitedependingonterrain..2  A  .3  Assumesradarsscanatfixednominalelevationangles..2  A  .3  Noaccountingfornon-terrain-relatedblockages(trees,buildings)..2  A  .3  Terrain-basedreflectivityhybridscanisthebasisforallfollow-onprocessingofrainratesandaccumulationsinthePPSandbeyond..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOFultonetal.,1998:TheWSR-88Drainfallalgorithm,Weather&Forecasting,13,377-395..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOOBannon,1997:Usingaterrain-basedhybridscantoimproveWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates,28thRadarConference,506-507O, \AZ"Arial RegularOp 2  I  .3  "`   "2  I  .3  Seattle,WAWSR-88D(KATX)" 3  "2  I  .3  ImpactsonRainfallEstimatesofAccountingforBeamBlockageUsingTerrain-basedHybridScan(456(2  I  .3  Whatisthetrueeffectiveradarcoverageforrainfallestimation?....2  1  .3  230kmisWSR-88Dsmaximumrangeforrainfallestimation..2  A  .3  Dependson....2  1  .3  Maximumheightofradarechoes....2  1  .3  Mountainblockages....2  1  .3  Heightofthefreezinglevel....2  1  .3  Season..2  A  .3  Changeswitheachpassingrainfallsystem'@78 '2  I  .3  Long-termClimatologicalRadarCoveragesusingHourlyDPAProducts....2  1  .3  PittsburghWSR-88Deffectiveradarrangedependsonseason-# -2  I  .3  DealingwithAnomalousPropagation(AP)intheWSR-88DPPS....2  1  .3  TiltTest..2  A  .3  CompareechoareasatTilts1and2between40-150kmrange....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   IfAREA2/AREA1<25%,discardallTilt1reflectivities(APistypicallyshallow)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  WorkswellforclassicAP..2  A  .3  DoesntworkwellfordeepAPorAPembeddedinrain..2  A  .3  Doesntworkwellforshallowstratiformraineventsand/ormountain-topradars..2  A  .3  SatelliteIRtemperaturesandsurfaceairtemperaturescanbeusefulforAPremovalifdonewithcare..2  A  .3  NCARRadarEchoClassifierwillreplaceTiltTestlogicbyperforminglocalbin-by-binAPidentificationusingallspectralmoments+fuzzylogic....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   comingsoontoaWSR-88Dnearyou....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Kessingeretal.,2001,30thRadarConference,p707-709O, \AZ"Arial RegularO"` "2  I  .3  TiltTestworkswellinclassicAPsituations"`9 "2  I  .3  NCARRadarEchoClassifier(REC)'`: '2  I  .3  DealingwithRange-dependentErrorsintheWSR-88DPPS," ,2  I  .3  RangeCorrectionAlgorithm(RCA)....2  1  .3  Correctingsingle-sitePPSrainfallestimatesforrangedegradationandbrightbandeffects..2  A  .3  Oneofthelargestandmostdifficulterrorsourcesforradarrainfallestimationisrange-dependentbiasduetoverticalgradientsofreflectivity..2  A  .3  Systematicunderestimationbiases.......2  1  .3  Generallyincreasewithrange....2  1  .3  Aregreatestforstratiformrainevents....2  1  .3  Aregreatestincoolseasons....2  1  .3  Aregreatestinnorthernlatitudes....2  1  .3  Aresmallforsummerconvection..2  A  .3  RCAwillgeneraterange-&elevation-dependentrainratecorrectionfactorsupdatedeachvolumescan..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO   Seoetal.,2000:Real-timeadjustmentofrange-dependentbiasesinWSR-88Drainfallestimatesduetononuniformverticalprofileofreflectivity.J.Hydrometeorology,1,222-240O, \AZ"Arial RegularO# ;<#2  I  .3  OperationalMethodology..2  A  .3  Collectfullvolumescanreflectivitydata..2  A  .3  DerivemeanVPR..2  A  .3  Foreachelevationangle,computeazimuthally-averagedrainrateadjustmentfactorsasafunctionofrange..2  A  .3  Maptheadjustmentfactorstoeachpolargridpointusingthehybridscantiltselectionmap..2  A  .3  Multiplypolaradjustmentvaluesbyeachrawpolarrainfallrate..2  A  .3  Repeatthisprocessnextvolumescan!p 2  I  .3  !p 2  I  .3  !p 2  I  .3  ! 2  I  .3  !p 2  I  .3  #   #2  I  .3  AKeytoOperationalViabilityofRCA:Convective-StratiformSeparation..2  A  .3  Ifconvectiveprecipitationismixedwithstratiformprecipitation,VPR-basedcorrectionbasedonasinglemeanVPRcanbecounter-productive,therefore.....2  A  .3  Convective-stratiformseparationisaprerequisite..2  A  .3  DeriveandapplyVPRcorrectionsonlyinregionsofsimilarraintype..2  A  .3  Separationtechniqueisbasedonmaximum(inheight)rainrate,localspatialcorrelationofmaximumrainrate,andlocalspatialcorrelationofreflectivitycoreheight..2  A  .3  Operationaltechniquestillunderdevelopment..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeoetal.2000,OSF-OHMOUReport,Ch.5,Convective-StratiformSeparationO, \AZ"Arial RegularOO, \AZ"Arial RegularO   http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/papers/2000mou_pdf/Mou00_PDF.htmlO, \AZ"Arial RegularO"  "2  I  .3  Vertical-maximumrainrateinconvectivesqualllinewithtrailingstratiformregion"`  "2  I  .3  ResultsofConvective-StratiformSeparation# #2  I  .3  Letsreviewtheprocessingsteps:..2  A  .3  4Buildreflectivityhybridscantoalleviatebeamblockagewhilestayingasclosetogroundaspossible..2  A  .3  4Qualitycontroldatatoremovegroundclutter&AP..2  A  .3  4Computeandapplyreal-timerangecorrectionstoaccountforVPRO, \AZ"Arial RegularO   (notoperationalyet)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  4Convertreflectivitytorainrateusinguser-selectableempiricalZ-Rrelationships..2  A  .3  Captherainratestopreventunrealisticvaluesinhailcores....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO4.1inches/hourisatypicalmaximumthreshold(~53dBZ)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO5.6inches/hourinmoistsoutheasternU.S.(~55dBZ)....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO3.0inches/hourindrywesternmountains(~51dBZ)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Convertrainratestoaccumulationbysummingovertime..2  A  .3  Generaterainfallproducts(1-hr,3-hr,storm-total,etc.)" p   "2  I  .3   N-O&(@t[)zmF2YBackground Blank TitleBulleted ListTextOrg ChartData ChartCombinationWPCXX81%Pp-3'XXXX,,,,5/ @1  ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9WPCXX81%X-3'XXXXKKKK5139WPCXX81%/k3'XXXXKKKK ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9"SF.0 .0 W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙)?  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Zf̙ 4frfrfrfrfrfrfrfr @fr @fr @fr @fr @fr @fr f" dddddd$   *;0+1fr3 )o/R(o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fra /!!!!!!ao2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..Floodmonitoring,forecasting,andwarningo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoGuidanceforNWSfloodforecasters..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoInputtoNWSoperationalhydrologicforecastmodels..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoProtectionoflifeandpropertyo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularofo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..Numericalweatherpredictiono2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo4-ddataassimilationtoimprovemodelforecasts..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoVerificationofNWSQPFso2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularofo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..Watermanagemento2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoRecreation..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoIndustries:hydropower,construction,engineering,weatherderivatives,publicworks..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoAgricultureo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularofo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..ClimatemonitoringWPC\ XX81%XX81%3'XXXX,,,,9 "2R]/#R]/#c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c @@2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙)?  f̙ 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ f" dddddd$   R]/#.)*+%'1f53̙ `eqX#/X#/u#qu#13LL `fR9#/9#/#/u#/X#qX#1 `gR9#R#/#/u#qu#qX#.+%f1f `h/"Bo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo@@@     f   @f̙  Q Qo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo@@@ AprimarygoalintheNWSHydrologyProgramisestimatingarea-averagerainfall.+% `iq}/}/q13LL `jR^/^///}q}1 `kR^R//qq}WPCXX81%XX81%3'XXXX,,,,9)"BqY/qY/c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +frfr̙c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +frfr̙c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +frfr̙c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +frfr̙c 2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +frfr̙9/!!!!!!  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Zf̙ 4frfrfrfrfrfrfrfr @fr @fr @fr @fr @fr @fr f" dddddd$   *u/}+1fr3 )+3/.1$o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fra /!!!!!!ao2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..UsingobservationsorsimulationsofDandn(D),computeZandRdirectlyandderiveananalyticalrelationship(noradarneeded)o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoProblems:veryfewdisdrometersoutthere..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoDerivedrelationisonlyapplicableforthatevento2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularofo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..Useobserved,coincidentradarZandraingaugerainratedatapairstoderiveanalyticalrelationshipo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoProblems:Needgoodqualityradardata..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoNeedhightemporalresolutiongaugeRdata(~minutes)..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoNumerouserrorsourcesformeasuringZandgaugeRandthenrelatingthem(e.g.,samplevolumeandaltitudedifferences)..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoDerivedrelationisonlyapplicableforthatevento2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularofo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙        @fr  /  o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     f   @f̙0..Netresult:ManyscientistshavederivedmanydifferentZ-Rrelationships...69inBattans(1973)booko2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙..        @fr    o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularo     fr   @fr̙0 ..o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold RegularoMostaresupposedlyapplicabletospecificrainfalltypesinspecificregions...butlotsofoverlapamongrelationsWPCD XX81%XX81%)3'XXXX,,,,9"(2 R*/#R*/#c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙)?  f̙ 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ f" dddddd$   (R*/#.)*+%'1f3̙ `!qX#/X#/u#qu#13LL `"R9#/9#/#/u#/X#qX#1 `#R9#R#/#/u#qu#qX#.+%f1f `$/"6o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx     f   @f̙  Q Qo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx ProbabilityofDetection,SeattleWSR-88DFeb.6-8,1996,widespreadrain.+% `%qJ/J/gqg13LL `&R+/+//g/JqJ1 `'R+R//gqgqJWPCD XX81%XX81%13'XXXX,,,,9"02R*/#R*/#c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙)?  f̙ 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ f" dddddd$   0R*/#.)*+%'1f3̙ `)qX#/X#/u#qu#13LL `*R9#/9#/#/u#/X#qX#1 `+R9#R#/#/u#qu#qX#.+%f1f `,/"6o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx     f   @f̙  Q Qo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx ProbabilityofDetection,SeattleWSR-88DFeb.6-8,1996,widespreadrain.+% `-qJ/J/gqg13LL `.R+/+//g/JqJ1 `/R+R//gqgqJWPC5 XX81%XX81%3'XXXX,,,,9 "2*R /#R /#c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙c xx2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regular +ff̙)?  f̙ 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ f" dddddd$   R /#.)*+%'1f53̙ `qX#/X#/u#qu#13LL `R9#/9#/#/u#/X#qX#1 `R9#R#/#/u#qu#qX#.+%f1f ` /" o2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx     f   @f̙  Q Qo2 \AZBArial Rounded MT Bold Regularoxxx PolarimetricRainfallEstimation.+% `q5 /5 /R qR 13LL `R / /q /R /5 q5 1 `R Rq /q /R qR q5 #f\]ɖMh»*;* U 'Px վG X= %  FY /^ ] E G  9'ɞ3Y4SK6aC7qI;pō;w\<;>C2D8BuDLD5E* FFWPCd\XX81%1 3'XXXXKKKK ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9z$*e)u%u+yEr.#GG DhԀ}      !   ?~L  % n~" %   ~$  o~ $ =$  R~n    q~ā O   ' R~ĉ2        ~     C   $    ~ 2       ~ U   ! ́  ~ P  &  ̈ ~ ?       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