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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~        !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwWPC" ~ A]L^@xxPzVz\zvK|"XXXX'3XXXX3' >!,^RMo!o)%7`,R,R-RV-R-k 7M`7G:p;"9<w<w'=>Rb>|>R0?; kHMHt,IKRSKMKDO] WPC ( (2  I  .3  Issuesdrivingimprovementsinoperationalradarprecipitationalgorithms..2  A  .3  Systematicbiasesin:....2  1  .3  Detectionofprecipitationbyradar....2  1  .3  Estimationofprecipitationamountbyradargiventhatprecipitationisdetected..2  A  .3  Reductionofthesebiasesinreal-timeusingothersensordataiscritical,"    ,2  I  .3  Whatis biasinradarrainfallestimates?..2  A  .3  Togetthecorrectvolumeofwater,..2  A  .3  ̀E[R]=E[G]..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  whereR=radarrainfall,G=gaugerainfall..2  A  .3  andtheexpectationsE[]areoverappropriatespatialandtemporalscalesofaggregation" p "2  I  .3  (   (2  I  .3  Issue1-DetectionBias(Prob[R>0])....2  1  .3  Radarcannotalwaysdetectprecipitationouttothefull230kmoperationalrange..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOLowestbeammaytotallyovershootshallowrainfallatmid-farranges....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOExacerbatedbyterrainblockagesO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODetectionbiasisreducedoreliminatedbyproperlydefiningtheeffectivecoverageoftheradarO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOEffectivecoverage  230kmanddO, \AZ"Arial RegularOependsonazimuth&timeO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODefineeffectiveradarcoverageusing:......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOLongrecordsofrainfallaccumulationsateachradar?......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOCurrentobservedechotopheight?O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx......2  a  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOCurrentobservedfreezinglevelheight?O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODontexpecttoestimaterainfalloutsideeffectivecoverageO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOCanbesignificantlyalleviatedbymosaickingwithadjacentradarstofillingapsindetectionO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx 2  I  .3  #  #2  I  .3  Issue2-MeanFieldBias(E[R|r>0])..2  A  .3  Radarrainfallestimates(aggregatedoversomeareaandduration)areoftenbiasedeveniftherearenoproblemswithdetection..2  A  .3  Sources:....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularORadarmiscalibrationofreflectivity....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOUncertaintyinZ-RrelationshipscausedbyvariableandunknowndropsizedistributionsO, \AZ"Arial RegularO..2  A  .3  Thesebiasesareoftenspatiallyuniformforagivenradarumbrellasincecalibrationisradar-specificandsinceNWSusesoneZ-Rrelationforeachradar..2  A  .3  Canbecorrectedusingasinglemultiplicativegauge-radarbiasadjustmentfactoroverentireradarumbrella"` "2  I  .3  Exampleofmeanfieldbiascausedbyradarmiscalibration((2  I  .3  Issue3-ConditionalBias(E[R|r>rT])....2  1  .3  rfrTfrissomenon-zerothresholdrainfallamount..2  A  .3  Biasinradarsabilitytoconsistentlyestimaterainfalloverthewholespectrumofrainrates(largeandsmall)..2  A  .3  ExperienceindicatesthattheWSR-88Drainfallalgorithms....2  1  .3  dorelativelywellatestimatinghighrainrates....2  1  .3  dorelativelypooratestimatinglowrainrates..2  A  .3  Possiblesources:....2  1  .3  InappropriatenessofthechosenZ-Rrelationship....2  1  .3  Spatial/temporalvariabilityofdropsizedistributions....2  1  .3  Largeverticalgradientsofreflectivity....2  1  .3  Hailcontamination....2  1  .3  Truncationerrors..2  A  .3  Canbereducedusinglocalgauge-radarbiasadjustmenttechniques# #2  I  .3  Howcanwereducethese3kindsofradarrainfallbiases?..2  A  .3  Mosaicradarrainfallestimatesfromtheeffectivecoverageareasofadjacentradarstoreducedetectionbiasesatmid-farranges..2  A  .3  Utilizeothersensorstoreducemeanandconditionalbiases:....2  1  .3  Real-timeraingaugedata....2  1  .3  Real-timesatelliterainfallestimates..2  A  .3  Reductionofradarbiasesusingancillarydataisbyfarthemostimportantstepinradarrainfallpost-processing( (2  I  .3  RationalMosaicking..2  A  .3  Inareasofradaroverlap,usetheradarrainfallestimatefromthelowestunobstructedsamplevolumewithintheeffectivecoverageofeachradar....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOAccountsforterrainandrange-relatedproblemsO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODynamicallyaccountsformissingradarseachhourbyfillinginwithadjacentradarsasneededO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx..2  A  .3  Previousmosaickingtechniquesusedmeanormaximumofoverlappingpixelswithnoaccountingforeffectiveradarcoverage....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOEasytoimplement,butit.......2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOExacerbatedexistingrangedegradation,brightband,andbeamblockageproblemsO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx"+ "2  I  .3  "!  "2  I  .3  "!  "2  I  .3  "!  "2  I  .3  -#-2  I  .3  UseofRainGaugeDatatoImproveRadarRainfallEstimates....2  1  .3  Twoimportantstepsthatcombinereal-time,automated,hourlyraingaugedatawithhourlyradardatatoreducebiases..2  A  .3  Uniformlyadjustradarrainfallestimatesforeachradartoproducethemean-field-bias-adjusted(MFB)rainfall....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOToremovespatially-uniformradar-widebiasesO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxfr....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOByapplyingasinglemultiplicativeadjustmentfactor....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularONeteffectisidenticaltoadjustingAinZ=ARfrbO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxfr..2  A  .3  LocallyadjusttheMFBradarrainfallestimatesaroundeachgauge....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOToreduceconditionalbiasesandreducegauge-radarerrorvarianceO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxfr....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOUsingOptimalLinearEstimationtechniquesO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxp 2  I  .3  ((2  I  .3  NWSMultisensorPrecipitationEstimator(MPE)Algorithm....2  1  .3  Follow-onPost-processingStepsafterPPS..2  A  .3  1)Usinghourlyrange-correctedradarrainfallestimatesfromPPSandcorrespondingraingaugedata,generateMFB-adjustedradarrainfallfieldsforeachindividualradar..2  A  .3  2)MosaictheseindividualMFBradarfieldswithadjacentradarsusinglowestunobstructedradarsample..2  A  .3  3)Performlocalgauge-radarmergingtogeneratethefinalmosaickedmultisensorrainfallfield"` "2  I  .3  MPEMean-fieldBiasAdjustment'  '2  I  .3  Gauge-RadarBiasTable....2  1  .3  ComputebiaseseachhourformanydifferentmemoryspansLrangingfromshort-termtolong-term"`  "2  I  .3  EffectsofMean-fieldBiasAdjustment"`  "2  I  .3  ResultsofMean-fieldBiasAdjustment'@  '2  I  .3  MPEMultisensorGauge-RadarMerging....2  1  .3  OptimalLinearEstimation"! "2  I  .3  "`  "2  I  .3  MultisensorEstimationFillsMissingAreas"!  "2  I  .3  (!"#(2  I  .3  ClimatologicalUnbiasedness....2  1  .3  ThegoalinMPEistoproducemultisensorrainfallproductsthatareclimatologicallyunbiased(i.e.,overlongperiodsoftime)relativetoraingauges..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxHow?Utilizeclimatologicalraingaugeinformationintherainfallestimationanalysistechniques..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxxPRISMrainfalldataisusedasaproxyforclimatologicalrainfalldataO, \AZ"Arial RegularO@@@....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOParameter-elevationRegressionsonIndependentSlopesModel....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularODevelopedDr.ChrisDalyatOregonStateUniversity....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOIncorporatesobservedraingaugedata,topography,winddirection/speedinformationtoderivemeanannualandmonthlyrainfall....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOwww.ocs.orst.edu/prism/prism_new.html....2  1  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOwww.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/prism/prism.htmlO, \AZ"Arial RegularOxxx! 2  I  .3  "`$ "2  I  .3  ClimatologicalUnbiasednessinMPE# %&#2  I  .3  MPEMethodologyforUsingPRISM..2  A  .3  GridpointswithnoradarcoverageorraingaugedataareestimatedfromnearbygridpointsthathavegoodcoverageandthenscaledbythePRISMdata..2  A  .3  Gridpointsthatarewellcoveredbyaradarorraingaugearenotscaled"! "2  I  .3  !p 2  I  .3  (  (2  I  .3  UsingSatelliteRainfallEstimateswithinMPE..2  A  .3  HourlysatelliteQPEproductsfromNESDISsAutoestimatorareusedwithintheoperationalMPEalgorithmattheRFCs..2  A  .3  CaninteractivelyinsertsatelliteQPEsinregionswithpoorradarandraingaugecoverage....2  1  .3  Inradarsmountainshadows....2  1  .3  Ingaugesparseregions..2  A  .3  Neuralnetworkandoptimalestimationproceduresarebeingdevelopedtomergesatelliteestimateswithexistingradar-gaugeestimates..2  A  .3  Satelliteestimatesarebeingimprovedusingraingaugebiasadjustmenttechniquessimilartoexistingradar-gaugetechniques# '(#2  I  .3  ForMoreInformation.....2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOFulton,R.etal.,1998:TheWSR-88Drainfallalgorithm.WeatherandForecasting,13,p.377-395c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOOBannon,T.,1997:Usingaterrain-basedhybridscantoimproveWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates,28thRadarMeteorologyConference,p.506-507c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeo,D-J.,1998:Real-timeestimationofrainfallfieldsusingraingagedataunderfractionalcoverageconditions.J.Hydrology,208,p.25-36c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeo,D-J.,1998:Real-timeestimationofrainfallfieldsusingradarrainfallandraingaugedata.J.Hydrology,208,37-52c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeo,D-J.,etal.,1999:Real-timeestimationofmeanfieldbiasinradarrainfalldata.J.Hydrology,223,131-147c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeo,D-J.,etal.,2000:Real-timeadjustmentofrange-dependentbiasesinWSR-88Drainfallestimatesduetononuniformverticalprofileofreflectivity.J.Hydrometeorology,1,222-240c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOSeo,D.J.andJ.Breidenbach,2002:Real-timecorrectionofspatiallynonuniformbiasinradarrainfalldatausingraingaugemeasurements.J.Hydrometeorology,3,93-111.c&d9 Z6Times New Roman Regularc..2  A  .3  O, \AZ"Arial RegularOhttp://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/papers/papers.htm#wsr88d N-O&(@t[)zmF2YBackground Blank TitleBulleted ListTextOrg ChartData ChartCombinationWPCXX81%Pp-3'XXXX,,,,5/ @1  ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9WPCXX81%(3'XXXXKKKK5139WPCXX81%y/k3'XXXXKKKK ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9"S<.0 .0 W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙W` ` qd9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular +@f̙)?  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