Data Quality Control for Cooperative Observers

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B91 Precipitation/Snowfall Reminder

"0's"

Please ensure that there is an entry in all the precipitation blocks on the B-91 form. The ultimate destination of the cooperative observer's B-91 form is the National Climate Data Center (NCDC). NCDC has told us they need to have every precipitation block filled. Most observers, but not all, are doing this. If there is no precipitation amount, please enter a "0" (rather than a dash or hyphen). Entering zeroes on dry days may be a help to the station data also. Marking down precipitation on the wrong day is an easy mistake to make if you are "dry" for a period of time. By ensuring that there is a "0" in every block until the current day, it's less likely to make that error.

Totals

Total the rainfall and snowfall amounts and enter totals in the "sum" block.

Snow Measurement Guidelines

Step I: Introduction & Preparation

Step II & III: Measurement & Recording

Logging Daily Observations

Common Errors

These are 24 hour observations, ending at the observing time you indicate. Please do not try to adjust these.

For example, say on your 6 am observation on the 5th, you register a high temperature of 61, a low of 25, and a current temperature of 26. These are marked down in the row labeled "5". Then on the 6th, your high is 70, the low is 26, and the current temperature is 40. Even though the temperature on the morning of the 6th may have only dropped to 40, for the 24-hour period ending at 6 am, the coldest temperature was 26 (the "at-observation" temperature from the previous day). Therefore, you log the low temperature on the 6th as 26 degrees. If you wish, you may put a comment such as "AM low 40" in the remarks line for the 6th.

The "at-observation temperature" must be included when determining the high and low. For example, let's say you reported a high of 68, a low of 54, and an at-observation temperature of 50. Your low temperature in this case would actually be 50. (This relates to the example above.)
Precipitation totals should be logged for the day that the observation was taken, not the day that it actually occurred. On your 7 am observation on the 15th, you read 0.56 inches of rain in the gage, but you know that all of it fell the evening before. You would still log the 0.56 inches in the box for the 15th, because it is a 24 hour total for the period from 7 am on the 14th, to 7 am on the 15th. On the B-91 forms, there is also a space to mark the times the precipitation fell (if known). This is logged on the day it actually fell. For example, if it rained from 7 to 10 pm on the 5th, it would be marked on the 5th, even though the actual total will be written on the 6th.
Report precipitation using the correct number of digits. Liquid precipitation totals use two digits to the right of the decimal point; 24-hour snowfall uses 1 digit to the right of the decimal point, and current snow depth is rounded to the nearest inch (i.e., no decimal point). If any of these values is considered a trace, enter "T". If none occurred, please put in a "0", instead of leaving the box blank. (This clarifies that there was actually no precipitation, instead of saying that no observation was taken.) For example, the precipitation total may be reported as "T", "0.02", "1.10", etc. Snowfall is in the format "T", "0.2", "1.1", etc. A snow depth of 1.1 inches would be logged as "1", 0.5 inches as "1", and 0.3 inches as "T".
For precipitation less than 0.01 inch, snowfall less than 0.1 inch, and snow depth (rounded) less than an inch, put a "T" in the box. Do not use "Trace", "Tr", "0.001", etc. You may include remarks such as "snow flurries", "few sprinkles", etc., but these actually do count toward the precipitation totals, and thus should be reflected in the 24-hour precipitation/snowfall totals.
Do not change your observation time without consulting with us! Minor changes, such as routinely taking the observation an hour earlier, may be permissible (after discussing the situation with us), but going from evening observations to morning observations (and vice versa) are not permitted. (If you are simply taking the observation slightly earlier or later than usual, put the actual observation time in the column labeled "Time of observation if different from above".)

Transmitting Observations
Several techniques are available for you to send your daily observations. (For those of you who currently do not do this, we would greatly appreciate it if you would begin. Daily reports are used for river forecasting, and for composing summaries for external distribution.)

IV-ROCS is an automated telephone system that allows you to enter your observed data. The system codes the observations, and they are transmitted to the NWS for relay around the network.
WXCODER uses a computer with Internet access for entering data onto a special home page. This system also has quality control to avoid observation errors (e.g. low temperature warmer than high temperature). Future upgrades to the WXCODER system will allow you to print your B-91 form directly from the WXCODER page.
If observers do not have access to any of the above, they may phone their observations to us using our 800 number.

Regardless of how you send your observations, there are some things to keep in mind:

Do not send in your observation more than 1/2 hour before your coded observation time. If you do, then your observation will not be recognized by our computer.
Please use the correct value for "trace". For IV-ROCS, press the * (star) key at the prompt. For WXCODER, enter a "T" at the appropriate prompt.
Please use the correct value for below zero temperatures. For IV-ROCS users, this is coded by pressing the star key before the number (e.g. *18 for a temperature of -18 degrees). In WXCODER, enter the value using a negative sign.
If no precipitation is reported, do not include a precipitation type code. However, go ahead and send the precipitation amount of "0.00".
Report the precipitation type code. (Applies to IV-ROCS.) If more than two precipitation types are observed, you will be asked one at a time. Any code values of 5 through 9 will prompt the system to ask you to enter a snowfall value.