Tornadoes:

Tornado - 3 miles East of Rozet to 6 miles East Rozet Campbell/Crook Counties Date July 16, 2019 Time (Local) 7:28 to 7:36 pm MDT EF Rating Unknown Est. Peak Winds Unknown Path Length Unknown Max Width Unknown Injuries/Deaths 0 Summary: A tornado occurred near Wessex Road in Campbell/Crook Counties south of Interstate-90 in open country. No damage was reported, but some sage brush was laid over. Photo of tornado from Dwayne Sisson

The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale classifies tornadoes into the following categories:

EF0 Weak 65-85 mph	EF1 Moderate 86-110 mph	EF2 Significant 111-135 mph	EF3 Severe 136-165 mph	EF4 Extreme 166-200 mph	EF5 Catastrophic 200+ mph

Flooding & Rainfall

Thunderstorms produced very heavy rainfall and flooding across parts of Butte County, especially in the area south of Hoover through Castle Rock, where some roads were washed out.

Radar estimated rainfall from 2:44 to 11:12 pm MDT on July 16th, 2019. Areas in blue are estimates of around 4 inches.

Photos from Harding County Sheriff's Office

South of Hoover on Frog Creek, where road is out	South of Hoover on Frog Creek, where road is out

Photos from Butte County Sheriff's Office

SD HWY 79 at Mile Marker 163.5	SD HWY 79 at Mile Marker 163.5	SD HWY 79 at Mile Marker 163.5	Erk Road in the area of Goeringer Road

Photos from Markus Erk

Erk Road	Erk Road	Erk Road

Radar

Here is a radar reflectivity loop of the entire severe event for July 16-17, 2019, along with some radar images during the time of the tornadoes in both Wyoming and South Dakota.

Radar image at 7:28 pm MDT 16 July 2019, showing reflectivity (left) and velocity (right). The small yellow cross denotes the approximate location of the tornado at the time it begin between Rozet and Moorcroft (south of Interstate-90).

Radar image at 7:36 pm MDT 16 July 2019, showing reflectivity (left) and velocity (right). The small yellow cross denotes the approximate location of the tornado at the time it ended between Rozet and Moorcroft (south of Interstate-90). The yellow (red) polygon delineates the severe thunderstorm (tornado) warning.

Radar image at 1:23 am MDT 17 July 2019, showing reflectivity (left) and velocity (right). The small yellow cross denotes the approximate location of the tornado 9 miles north-northwest of Vetal, SD. The red polygon delineates the tornado warning.

Storm Reports

Here are the preliminary severe thunderstorm storm reports for July 16, 2019 (link to reports).

Preliminary storm reports for July 16-17, 2019 (green H's represent hail; blue W's represent wind gusts; and red T's represent tornado reports).

The storm reports listed below are in descending order and may not
necessarily be the final storm reports.

Hail reports listed by size (inches)

 SIZE    LOCATION                 ST  COUNTY           TIME
 ------  -----------------------  --  --------------   -------
  3.00   MOORCROFT                WY  CROOK            0752 PM
  1.75   19 SSW ROZET             WY  CAMPBELL         0805 PM
  1.75   1 S DWTN SPEARFISH       SD  LAWRENCE         0800 PM
  1.50   3 NNE MOORCROFT          WY  CROOK            0800 PM
  1.00   2 S DWTN RAPID CITY      SD  PENNINGTON       1045 PM
  1.00   BEULAH                   WY  CROOK            0805 PM
  1.00   9 SSE SUNDANCE           WY  CROOK            0740 PM
  1.00   13 W ROCKYPOINT          WY  CAMPBELL         0732 PM
  1.00   2 NNW SUMMERSET          SD  MEADE            0336 PM
  0.88   15 NNW RECLUSE           WY  CAMPBELL         0705 PM
  0.50   WALL                     SD  PENNINGTON       0120 AM


Tstm wind reports listed by speed (mph)

 SPEED   LOCATION                 ST  COUNTY           TIME
 ------  -----------------------  --  --------------   -------
 81.00   9 ENE BELVIDERE          SD  JACKSON          0929 PM
 70.00   10 W EDGEMONT            SD  FALL RIVER       0616 PM
 65.00   9 SW BATESLAND           SD  OGLALA LAKOTA    0835 PM
 60.00   7 E WANBLEE              SD  JACKSON          0905 PM
 60.00   3 SE DEVILS TOWER        WY  CROOK            0805 PM
 60.00   BEULAH                   WY  CROOK            0805 PM
 60.00   4 NW ARGYLE              SD  CUSTER           0700 PM
                 RAIN FELL IN 20 MINUTES
 58.00   7 E WANBLEE              SD  JACKSON          0859 PM
 52.00   4 SSE WITTEN             SD  TRIPP            0219 AM
 50.00   10 W HARDING             SD  HARDING          0845 PM
 50.00   10 W HARDING             SD  HARDING          0845 PM 

Environment

The atmosphere was very unstable over northeastern Wyoming and western South Dakota on Tuesday, July 16th, 2019, per the information obtained from the weather balloon released in East Rapid City at 6 pm MDT (left image). The vertical wind shear (right image) was rather strong, which favored severe storms with both large hail and damaging winds.

July 16, 2019, 6 pm upper-air sounding for Rapid City (00z on the 17th)	July 16, 2019, 6 pm upper-air hodograph for Rapid City (00z on the 17th)

A moist and unstable air mass was in place with east-to-southeast winds bringing humid air into the region, per the images below. Strong winds well above the ground created more than sufficient vertical wind shear that is needed to sustain severe thunderstorms.

SPC surface map valid 7 pm MDT 16 July 2019	SPC mixed-layer CAPE (a measure of buoyancy) valid 7 pm MDT 16 July 2019	SPC vertical wind shear from the surface to 6 km above ground (about 18,000 ft) valid 7 pm MDT 16 July 2019