26th Annual Canada/US Great Lakes
Operational Meteorology Workshop
Cleveland, Ohio
May 1 - 3, 2018
About GLOMW 2018
NOAA/National Weather Service in conjunction with Environment and Climate Change Canada is pleased to announce the 26th Annual Canada/US Great Lakes Operational Meteorology Workshop. This will be the first time that the workshop has been in Cleveland since 2001. We hope that you will come to this year’s workshop to enjoy several exciting presentations on meteorology around the Great Lakes region and the charm of a revitalized downtown Cleveland.
Forecasting in the Great Lakes area poses interesting and unique challenges. This workshop is designed to bring forecasters of all experience levels together to address these challenges and to share knowledge, experience and techniques. Meteorologists, hydrologists, students, and others interested in operational weather forecasting and meteorology, in and near the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, are encouraged to give presentations and attend the conference. Topics will include lake effect snow forecasting, winter storms, severe convection, flooding and flash flooding, marine forecasting, aviation forecasting, and climatology. Presentations on case studies, research findings, technological advances, meteorological decision support, and customer service are all welcome.
Location
Drury Plaza Hotel Cleveland Downtown
1380 East Sixth Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
The conference will be held in the Great Lakes Ballroom on the first floor of the Drury Plaza Hotel.
We strongly encourage conference attendees to stay at the Drury Plaza Hotel during the conference. To reserve a hotel room with the conference/government rate:
Call 1-800-325-0720 and refer to our group number 2328237. (Note: This method is valid until rooms are unavailable.)
Aside from the Government Rate for the hotel room, here are some perks if you stay at the Drury Plaza Hotel:
Welcome to Cleveland!!!
Grit meets sophistication in a town where you can browse modern art inside a turn-of-the-century transformer station, hear the orchestra perform live inside the local hot dog joint and chow down on pierogi stuffed with beef cheek.
We've got world-class experiences without the world-class ego. And for that, you're welcome.
All about Cleveland
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Destination Cleveland App
Registration Now Open!
If you are interested in attending the Great Lakes Operational Meteorology Workshop , please use this Google Form (https://goo.gl/forms/WETmqTv6BDluVMaf2) to register for the workshop. Please register for the workshop by April 23, 2018, as we cannot guarantee lunch on Tuesday afternoon for any late registrants.
There will be a small cost of $15 for those attending the workshop. This cost covers an in-hotel lunch on Tuesday afternoon. We will collect lunch money (cash only) at the registration table on Tuesday morning of the workshop. If there are any questions, please email Robert LaPlante (Robert.LaPlante@noaa.gov) or Zach Sefcovic (Zachary.Sefcovic@noaa.gov).
Speakers will have 20 minutes to speak with 5 minutes for questions and 5 minutes for changeover to the next presentation.
7:00 am - 8:00 am Registration
8:00 am - 8:15 am Introduction-NWS Cleveland MIC and SOO Remarks-Housekeeping
8:15 am - 8:45 am Necessity of Maintaining Strong Partnerships in the Great Lakes Beach Safety Community in Drowning
Response (Presentation)
Keith Cooley, National Weather Service, Marquette, Michigan
8:45 am - 9:15 am Record Water Levels on Lake Ontario and the NWS WFO Buffalo IDSS Response (Presentation)
Judy Levan, National Weather Service, Buffalo, New York
9:15 am - 9:45 am NEORSD Beach Water Quality Forecast and Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring (Presentation)
Eric Soehnlen, Ph. D., Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD), Cleveland, Ohio
9:45 am - 10:00 am Break
10:00 am - 10:15 am A Brief Overview of the Great Lakes Volunteer Observing Program (VOS) (Presentation)
Ron Williams, National Weather Service, Central Region, Duluth, Minnesota
10:15 am - 11:00 am The Six Tornadoes of May 24, 2017 (Presentation)
Andy Hatzos, National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio
11:00 am - 11:30 am Mesoscale Boundaries and Convective Storm Development in Southwestern Ontario (Presentation)
Lisa Alexander, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario
11:30 am - 12:00 am Weak Tornadoes in the Ohio Valley: A Pre-Storm Environment Assessment (Presentation)
Kristen Cassady, National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio
12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch Break (In-Hotel, Please Bring $15 Cash)
1:00 pm - 1:30pm Analysis of the Devastating 28 July 93 Convective Windstorm in Northeast Ohio with the Weather Research
and Forecast Model (WRF) (Presentation)
Rick Garuckas, Freese-Notis Weather, Des Moines, Iowa
1:30 pm - 2:00 pm An Examination of the Long-Track EF2 Tornado During the Ohio Valley Tornado Outbreak of 2017
November 05 (Presentation)
Jeff Logsdon, National Weather Service Northern Indiana, Syracuse, Indiana
2:00 pm - 2:45 pm An Analysis and Climatology of the November 5, 2017 Tornado Outbreak and QLCS Event (Presentation)
Nick Greenawalt and Zach Sefcovic, National Weather Service, Cleveland, Ohio
2:45 pm - 3:00 pm Break
3:00 pm - 3:30 pm The 14 June 2017 Tornadic QLCS Event over Northeast Wisconsin- Part I: Introduction to the QLCS
Mesovortex Warning System and Event Overview (Presentation)
Gene Brusky and Kira Benz, National Weather Service, Green Bay, Wisconsin
3:30 pm - 4:00 pm The 14 June 2017 Tornadic QLCS Event over Northeast Wisconsin- Part II: Application of the QLCS
Mesovortex Warning System (Presentation - Scroll to Slide 51)
Timm Uhlmann, National Weather Service, Green Bay, Wisconsin
4:00 pm - 4:30 pm Some Preliminary Thoughts Regarding the Total Solar Eclipse of April 8, 2024 in the Great Lakes Region
(Presentation)
Dan Miller, National Weather Service, Duluth, Minnesota
6:00 pm - ~10:00 pm Optional Event- Texas Rangers vs. Cleveland Indians Baseball Game
8:00 am - 8:15 am Introduction-Remarks-Housekeeping
8:15 am - 8:45 am Reconstructing Evaporation over Lake Erie During the Historic November 2014 Lake Effect Snow Event
(Presentation)
Lindsay Fitzpatrick, Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
8:45 am - 9:15 am Profiling Radar and Snow Microphysical Properties from Extended Ground Observations in the Upper Great
Lakes (Presentation)
David Beachler, National Weather Service, Marquette, Michigan
9:15 am - 9:45 am Evaluation of a Revised Bourgouin Layer-Energy Technique for Top-Down Precipitation-Type Forecasts
(Presentation)
Eric Lenning, National Weather Service, Chicago, Illinois
9:45 am - 10:00 am Break
10:00 am - 10:30 am Toward a Coupled Modeling System to Improve Lake-Effect Prediction (Presentation)
Greg Mann, National Weather Service, Detroit/White Lake, Michigan
10:30 am - 11:00 am Lake Effect Snow Warning Polygon Experiment Verification (Presentation)
David Church, National Weather Service, Buffalo, New York
11:00 am - 11:30 am Dreaming of a White Christmas: A Review of the 25-26 December 2017 Lake Effect Snow Event in Erie,
Pennsylvania (Presentation)
Zach Sefcovic, National Weather Service, Cleveland, Ohio
11:30 am - 1:15 pm Lunch Break (Out of Hotel- On Your Own)
1:15 pm - 2:15 pm Keynote Speaker and Discussion
Topic: GOES-16 Data and Products around the Great Lakes (Presentation)
Scott Lindstrom, University of Wisconsin- Madison SSEC/CIMSS, Madison, Wisconsin
2:15 pm - 2:45 pm Objective Identification and Tracking of ZDR Columns in X-band Radar Observations (Presentation)
Patrick Saunders, National Weather Service, Cleveland, Ohio
2:45 pm - 3:00 pm Break
3:00 pm - 3:30 pm Composite Study of Atmospheric Favorability for Flash Flooding in Warm and Cool Seasons in the
Pittsburgh, PA Forecast Area (Presentation)
Tim Axford, National Weather Service, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
3:30 pm - 4:00 pm CWSU Operations (Presentation)
Steve Kozak, Cleveland Center Weather Service Unit, Oberlin, Ohio
4:00 pm - 4:30 pm The Evolution of NWS Digital Aviation Services: Developing a Unified Forecast Process (Presentation)
Marcia Cronce, National Weather Service, Milwaukee/Sullivan, Wisconsin
6:00 pm - ~10:00 pm Optional Event- Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame
8:00 am - 8:30 am Improving Forecast Consistency, Accuracy, and Efficiency to Help Implement the Central Region WRN
Roadmap in the Great Lakes (Presentation)
Justin Titus, National Weather Service, Marquette, Michigan
8:30 am - 9:00 am Empowering NWS Partners to be Weather-Ready for Outdoor Events - New for 2018 (Presentation)
Mike Bardou, National Weather Service, Chicago, Illinois
9:00 am - 9:30 am Managing and Effectively Using an Information Firehose During Severe Weather Warning Operations
(Presentation)
Matthew T. Friedlein, National Weather Service, Chicago, Illinois
9:30 am - 9:45 am Break
9:45 am - 10:15 am A First Look at Results from the Toronto 2015 Environment Canada Pan Am Science Showcase (ECPASS)
(Presentation)
David Sills, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario
10:15 am - 10:45 am Canadian Weather Radar Replacement Project and Anticipated Impacts to Forecast Operations
(Presentation)
Steve Knott, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario
10:45 am - 11:15 am Use of the National Lightning Detection Network for Transmission Interests within an Energy Company
(Presentation)
Peter Manousos, FirstEnergy Corp, Akron, Ohio
11:15 am - 11:45 am NLDN Lightning Strike Patterns for Southwest Lower Michigan (Presentation)
T.J. Turnage, National Weather Service, Grand Rapids, Michigan
11:45 am - 12:00 pm Awards/Closing
Necessity of Maintaining Strong Partnerships in the Great Lakes Beach Safety Community in Drowning Response
Keith Cooley
NOAA/National Weather Service
Marquette, Michigan
A Lake Superior drowning incident involving three individuals occurred at Little Presque Isle near Marquette, MI on June 11, 2016. While this area is known for channel current development, additional factors such as increased water levels, wave heights, and water temperatures played a role in the tragedy. This incident led to changes in outreach messaging and changes to the messaging within the NWS Marquette’s Beach Forecasts.
NWS Marquette has fostered strong partnerships in the beach safety awareness arena. These partners include the City of Marquette, the U.S. Coast Guard, Northern Michigan University, Michigan Sea Grant, and the Michigan DNR. Collectively, these partners recognized deficiencies with regards to beach hazard messaging and safety equipment at Little Presque Isle and worked to address the problem. The collaborative efforts resulted in the rapid deployment of additional signage and beach safety and rescue equipment at Little Presque Isle. Without the quick response by all of the partners working together, these safety upgrades would have taken months if not longer. Strong interagency relationships are key to community readiness and protecting life and property.
Record Water Levels on Lake Ontario and the NWS WFO Buffalo IDSS Response
Judith Levan
NOAA/National Weather Service
Buffalo, New York
During the first six months of 2017, much above normal precipitation fell across the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River Drainage Basin and combined with above average outflow from Lake Erie. Flooding along Lake Ontario began in the spring and water level continued to rise into the summer. A record level of 248.95 feet was reached.
Waves destroyed public and private breakwalls all along the lake shore. Thousands of homes and buildings were affected flood waters. Several homes dropped off bluffs. In some areas shoreline erosion of 50 to 100 feet deep occurred. Sanitary sewer systems in lakeside communities were affected. Beaches, marinas and state parks were closed all summer long with unknown economic losses to mainly seasonal businesses. The shoreline counties of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River sustained enough damage to qualify for both a New York State and Federal Disaster Declaration.
WFO Buffalo began provided enhanced Decision Support Services in April that ramped up in May and continued through December.
A review of the conditions that led to the flooding, some of the damages incurred, and the actions of WFO Buffalo to provide support to counties along the lakeshore will be presented.
NEORSD Beach Water Quality Forecast and Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring
Eric Soehnlen, Ph. D.
Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD)
Cleveland, Ohio
The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) provides daily beach water quality forecasts and monitoring services at Edgewater, and Euclid/Villa Angela Beaches in the Greater Cleveland area. The monitoring and forecasting program covers recreational water quality criteria including bacteriological parameters as well as harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their associated toxins. The benefit of multiple linear regression models used to predict beach water quality will be discussed, as well as current methods for HAB toxin detection.
A Brief Overview of the Great Lakes Volunteer Observing Program (VOS)
Ron Williams
NOAA/National Weather Service
Central Region Headquarters and Weather Forecast Office
Duluth, Minnesota
Will give an introduction of the Great Lakes Port Meteorological Officer (PMO) and their duties regarding the Volunteer Observation Program (VOS) and how ship weather observations are utilized by forecasters and model data. Will also discuss liaison activities with the USCG and Lake Carriers Association, and how customer feedback is used for the development of our marine forecasts and how they are conveyed to the shipping community.
The Six Tornadoes of May 24, 2017
Andy Hatzos
NOAA/National Weather Service
Wilmington, Ohio
On the evening of May 24, 2017, six tornadoes developed within the National Weather Service (NWS) Wilmington Ohio (ILN) coverage area. In the presence of an area of surface low pressure, these tornadoes developed within an environment characterized by copious low-level directional wind shear and ample boundary layer moisture. This led to a scenario in which instability was sufficient for updrafts and tornadoes, especially as the greatest Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) was focused in the lowest 3km of the convection, where wind shear was also maximized. However, this favorable environment was extremely localized, affecting only a small section of the ILN coverage area. In addition, this event was notable for the unusual direction of motion taken by the tornadoes, including what is believed to be the first southeast-to-northwest moving tornadoes ever confirmed or warned for by the ILN office. This study examines the conditions which led to the supercells and tornadoes that occurred, the radar signatures that evolved as the storms developed, and the challenging level of predictability of the event.
In addition to a detailed assessment of environmental parameters and radar data, this study also involved a re-analysis of the confirmed tornado tracks. This analysis was based largely on footage and pictures taken from dozens of eyewitnesses, including video evidence of all six confirmed tornadoes. Combined with surveyed damage points and radar data, a more detailed and accurate assessment of the event was able to be completed, including refinements to start/end times and path locations.
Mesoscale Boundaries and Convective Storm Development in Southwestern Ontario
Lisa Alexander
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Toronto, Ontario
The relationship between low-level mesoscale boundaries and convective storm development was studied using data collected during summer 2001 in southwestern Ontario. This region presents a unique mesoscale boundary environment due to the frequent presence of lake-breeze fronts originating from the surrounding Great Lakes.
Mesoscale boundaries were identified using an integrated data set including radar and satellite imagery and surface station observations. Radar data were run through storm cell identification (reflectivity threshold of 40 dBZ) and tracking algorithms. The distances between the storm cells and the closest mesoscale boundary were measured. When considering days with no influence from warm frontal zones, it was found that more than 75% of cells developed within 30 km of a low-level mesoscale boundary. When considering only moving boundaries and storm gust fronts it was found that cell initiations occurred most frequently just behind these boundaries. However, for lake-breeze fronts, the cell initiations occurred most frequently just ahead of these boundaries.
The findings of this study are similar to those from a previous study on mesoscale boundary-initiated storms in eastern Colorado, by Wilson and Schreiber in 1986, but it has revealed new findings related to lake-breeze fronts. These results can be used by forecasters and automated forecasting algorithms in order to aid and improve predictions of storm development.
Weak Tornadoes in the Ohio Valley: A Pre-Storm Environment Assessment
Kristen Cassady
NOAA/National Weather Service
Wilmington, Ohio
The Ohio Valley is susceptible to tornadoes and sits near the epicenter of the climatological maxima in quasi-linear convective system-driven tornado frequency in the U.S. (Smith et al. 2012, Thompson et al. 2012). These tornadoes are typically brief and on the ground for only a few minutes (Smith et al. 2012), yielding many instances of unwarned events (Brotzge and Erickson 2010). The short-lived nature of the tornadoes provides a notable challenge to forecasters in the warning decision process. Although research of the parent mesocyclones has been performed from both a radar (Trapp et al. 2005, Hatzos 2016) and an environmental parameters (Schaumann and Przybylinski 2012) perspective, this project serves to further and expand upon this prior research and demonstrate its applicability in the Ohio Valley. The objective of this study is to identify key environment changes in the near-storm environment before tornadoes develop.
Archived Rapid Refresh (RAP) analysis data was studied in weak tornado environments in the National Weather Service Wilmington, Ohio service area of southeastern Indiana, southwestern Ohio, and northern Kentucky from 2009 to 2017. Pre-storm environments were investigated utilizing 16 different RAP analyses stability, shear, and moisture parameters in the hours prior to tornado development. Time trends of each parameter were categorized by season and time of day and relationships were identified for each variable through time. The data collection methodology yielded over 6000 data points and parameters were assessed with regards to positive or negative correlations to tornado development time. Trends of individual stability and shear parameters were also compared to each other to assess degree of correlation – both with and without respect to time. The study identifies ingredient and parameter changes significant enough to support weak tornado formation, and concludes with subsequent recommendations for better real-time recognition of environments becoming increasingly favorable for such events.
Analysis of the Devastating 28 July 1993 Convective Windstorm in Northeast Ohio with the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF)
Richard Garuckas
Freese-Notis Weather
Des Moines, Iowa
The devastating convective windstorm of 28 July 1993 in northeastern Ohio was examined. The purpose was to analyze the synoptic and mesoscale conditions that lead to the extreme event and to analyze output from the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF). The synoptic pattern was found to be favorable for a convective windstorm with an approaching 500 hPa trough providing strong westerly midlevel flow and a strong cold front to initiate convection. A southwesterly surface flow of hot and humid air contributed to favorably large CAPE values to fuel convection, and sufficiently strong westerly 0-6 km shear helped to both propagate the convection eastward and to produce damaging winds. High values of precipitable water, favorable midlevel relative humidity values, and an intrusion of low to midlevel dry air also increased downdraft strength. A convective cluster initiated along the cold front in southeastern Michigan. Meanwhile, a persistent lake breeze boundary from western Lake Erie to the eastern suburbs of Cleveland acted as a focus for the convective cluster to both propagate and intensify along, and the warm water supported the intense convection over the lake. Overall, WRF performed well in the simulation of the convection despite being slow on the timing and off on the placement of the strongest winds. This event was rare, occurring in a location that has had the least number of significant wind reports in the past 30 years, so it raises additional questions regarding the influence of lake boundaries on a convective environment.
An Examination of the Long-Track EF2 Tornado During the Ohio Valley Tornado Outbreak of 2017 November 05
Jeff Logsdon
NOAA/National Weather Service
Syracuse, Indiana
On November 5th 2017, an outbreak of severe weather occurred over the Ohio Valley that stretched from eastern Indiana up into northwest Pennsylvania, producing widespread wind damage and over a dozen tornadoes. In a joint effort between the National Weather Service offices (NWS) in Northern Indiana, Indianapolis, and Wilmington, Ohio, storm damage surveys conducted following the event revealed that 6 separate tornado reports resulted from a single long-track tornado that produced EF-2 damage. This tornado was on the ground for more than an hour and had a path length of 39 miles, which if exclusive to Indiana, would have broken the previous path length record for a November tornado in that state.
This strong, long duration tornado produced few injuries and amazingly no fatalities. With the increasing diversity of Decision Support Services (DSS) provided by the NWS, the long-standing service of storm damage surveys continues to be a critical link with the mission of the NWS and the core partners and public we serve. In addition to DSS, damage surveys provide a unique learning environment for NWS forecasters as detailed observations during ground level surveys combined with areal footage from drones provided insights into the multi-vortex nature of the tornado itself for this event.
This presentation will examine the mesoscale environment that favored tornadogenesis in the Ohio valley, including how the mesoanalyst utilized this information to increase the lead time of the tornado warning. DSS provided during storm damage surveys will also be discussed including the incredible stories from survivors of this tornado that were shared with NWS forecasters and made a strong connection to the timely warnings we issue with the actions the public takes to protect their lives.
An Analysis of the November 5, 2017 Tornado Outbreak and QLCS Event
Cory Mottice1, Nick Greenawalt2, Zach Sefcovic2
NOAA/National Weather Service
1Glasgow, MT and 2Cleveland, OH
On November 5, 2017, an intense quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) swept across the National Weather Service (NWS) Cleveland, Ohio county warning area (CWA). This QLCS produced extensive wind damage across the NWS Cleveland CWA with maximum wind gusts of over 100 mph in some of the most heavily impacted areas. In addition, NWS survey teams confirmed 14 tornadoes across the NWS Cleveland CWA. Of these tornadoes, three were classified as strong EF-2 tornadoes. With 17 tornadoes confirmed across the state of Ohio, this tornado event is one of the largest November tornado outbreaks across Ohio in recorded history.
This study will analyze the low CAPE, high shear environment that was in place over the region during the event and will provide an in depth analysis of the synoptic and mesoscale features. This study will also illustrate many unique features documented by the KCLE WSR-88D and TLVE TDWR radars during the event and further investigate how external influences such as boundaries and gravity waves may have played a role in tornadogenesis and tornado intensity. Tornadic debris signatures (TDSs) were prevalent during many of the tornadoes, which showed up on average just one minute after touchdown. These signatures played an important role in messaging along with the post analysis and damage survey processes. Key findings on azimuthal shear and how it relates to potential tornado detection will be also be presented. A examination of the post-event surveys and assessments from NWS Cleveland will be discussed including difficulties before, during, and after the event. Finally, there will be a discussion of where this event fits in the climatology of Ohio severe weather and an overview of a routine severe weather season during the fall months.
Application of the QLCS Mesovortex Warning System
The 14 June 2017 Tornadic QLCS Event over Northeast Wisconsin
Kira Benz, Timm Uhlmann and Gene Brusky
National Weather Service
Green Bay, Wisconsin
One of the largest multi-tornado episodes to impact northeast Wisconsin in over 25 years occurred during the afternoon of 14 June 2017. At least 10 tornadoes briefly touched down producing damage up to EF1 intensity. The event was characterized by a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) that spawned several tornadic mesovortices along the leading updraft-downdraft convergence zone (UDCZ). Radar analysis and damage surveys indicated that 8 of the 9 mesovortex tornadoes developed within about a 25 minute period. The relatively short time span in which these mesovortex tornadoes occurred (three of which were on the ground concurrently), created warning decision and threat messaging challenges.
Preliminary radar analysis indicated mesovortex genesis was favored in two primary areas along the UDCZ. The first region of concentrated mesovortex genesis occurred within about 25 miles to the west-southwest of the KGRB radar. Mesovortex genesis in this region was primarily in response to embedded local line surges and/or cell mergers along the UDCZ. The second region of preferred mesovortex genesis appeared to be in response to a robust line surge that occurred along a pre-existing thunderstorm outflow boundary. The segment of the UDCZ that surged along the boundary rapidly evolved into an impressive northern bookend vortex. Storm-scale mesovortex genesis was observed along the surging UDCZ accompanying the contracting bookend vortex with several of the mesovortices becoming tornadic. One of the strongest and deepest tornadic mesovortices of the event was noted within this portion of the QLCS.
In this two-part presentation, the 14 June 2017 tornadic QLCS event will be leveraged to illustrate the operational application of a four-step QLCS Mesovortex Warning System recently developed by the National Weather Service Central Region Tornado Warning Improvement Project (TWIP) team. One of the main goals of this system is to provide operational forecasters with a consistent and scientifically sound approach to issuing warnings for QLCS events.
In part I, a brief introduction to the TWIP objectives, goals and training initiatives with emphasis on the QLCS Mesovortex Warning System will be discussed. This will be followed by a synoptic overview of the 14 June 2017 tornadic QLCS event and associated warning decision challenges.
In part II, radar evolution of the tornadic mesovortices accompanying this event will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on application of the four-step QLCS Mesovortex Warning System to anticipate mesovortex genesis.
Some Preliminary Thoughts Regarding the Total Solar Eclipse of April 8, 2024 in the Great Lakes Region
Dan Miller
NOAA/National Weather Service
Duluth, Minnesota
On Monday, August 21, 2017, the path of totality from a total solar eclipse traversed the continental United States from Oregon to South Carolina. This was the first time in nearly 40 years (Monday February 26, 1979) that the path of a total solar eclipse passed across any part of the continental United States, and the first time in nearly a century (Saturday, June 8, 1918) that the path of totality from a solar eclipse traversed the entire United States from coast to coast. Despite the long period of return over the past 100 years, it will only be 6 years before another total solar eclipse will occur in the United States and eastern Canada on Monday, April 8, 2024, with the path of totality extending from Texas, to the eastern Great Lakes, to the St. Lawrence Valley, Maine and the Canadian Maritime Region.
If the number of people that viewed the 2017 solar eclipse is any indication of what to expect in 2024, the next eclipse will likely attract millions of tourists from around North America and the world, not to mention the significantly larger population density that will lie in, or close to, the path of totality of the 2024 eclipse as compared to 2017 in both the United States and eastern Canada. As with any eclipse, weather conditions will be of paramount importance to eclipse viewing, and perhaps transportation. This talk will summarize some of my experiences in chasing the 2017 total solar eclipse, and some thoughts on where weather forecasts and related decision support information may need to go for the April 8, 2024 total solar eclipse.
Reconstructing Evaporation over Lake Erie During the Historic November 2014 Lake Effect Snow Event
Lindsay Fitzpatrick
Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes are important physical processes that influence elements across the North American Great Lakes including climate, weather, energy and water levels. The water budget consists of precipitation, run off, and evaporation components across the massive fresh water lakes. Evaporation observations were non-existent until 2008 when the Great Lakes Evaporation Network (GLEN) was established. GLEN currently consists of seven flux towers mounted on top of offshore lighthouses across the five Great Lakes and record several meteorological elements including turbulent heat fluxes.
This study examined the evaporation from Lake Erie during the lake effect snow (LES) event between November 17th-20th, 2014 that caused record snow to fall near Buffalo, NY. Using the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM), heat fluxes and evaporation rates were reconstructed over Lake Erie and compared to observations from two GLEN sites, Long Point and PermS2. Model-simulated water temperature and meteorological forcing data were validated with buoy observations at three locations in Lake Erie. The evaluation showed a significant increase in heat fluxes over three days, with the peak on the 18th of November. Snow water equivalent data from NOAA's NOHRSC showed a spike in water content on the November 20th. The ensemble runs presented notable variation in spatial pattern of evaporation, lake-wide average evaporation, and resulting cooling of the lake based on geographical locations of the stations. Continued evaluation and improvement will attempt to increase model accuracy in predicting climate change, lake effect snow, and water levels across the region.
Profiling Radar and Snow Microphysical Properties from Extended Ground Observations in the Upper Great Lakes
David Beachler
NOAA/National Weather Service
Marquette, Michigan
This study presents results from a ground-based profiling radar and in-situ snow microphysics observational suite located at the Marquette, Michigan National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in the Upper Great Lakes near the southern shore of Lake Superior. Combined Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP) observations are presented for numerous case studies to both illustrate the capabilities of these instruments and to document unique radar and concomitant microphysical properties associated with different snowfall modes frequently observed in this region.
MRR and PIP observations for a multi-day snow event that locally produced over 90 cm of accumulated snow are presented to illustrate the distinct cloud macrophysical and snow microphysical properties associated with three different distinct phases of this snowfall event (synoptic, lake/orographic enhanced, and lake-effect phases). The MRR observations indicate deep snow-producing cloud structures with a fall streak appearance during the synoptic (or “system”) snow phase, followed by shallow vertically-oriented features embedded within the deeper radar signatures during the lake/orographic enhancement stage. The lake-effect stage is defined by relatively shallow (< 1.5 km deep) convective MRR-observed cloud structures. Snow particle size distributions (PSD) measured by the PIP indicate distinct PSD broadening and systematically larger and less dense particles as the event undergoes the three day transformation. Numerous other case studies documenting typical lake-effect, orographic, and rain-to-snow transitions are also presented to illustrate the varied cold-season precipitation events at this particular site.
The value of these ground-based observations for cloud microphysics parameterization improvements and spaceborne remote sensing applications are also presented, including the radar reflectivity to snowfall rate relationship dependence on snowfall mode and seasonal MRR analyses that emphasizes the predominance of shallow snowfall events in the Upper Great Lakes.
Evaluation of a Revised Bourgouin Layer-Energy Technique for Top-Down Precipitation-Type Forecasts
Eric Lenning and Kevin Birk
NOAA/National Weather Service
Chicago, Illinois
Top-down precipitation-type forecast methods often use the 0°C threshold to distinguish warm melting layers from cold refreezing layers. The melting (refreezing) potential within a layer can be computed either by looking at the maximum (minimum) temperature in a layer, or by calculating the total amount of melting (freezing) energy in a layer. The National Weather Service (NWS) presently uses a temperature-based version of the top-down technique in its ForecastBuilder tool and its National Blend of Models. This version often performs well but does struggle in certain situations. One example would be with a deep but isothermal warm layer just above freezing, in which melting of a hydrometeor (and thus freezing rain at the surface) could be much more likely than the maximum layer temperature might indicate. For this and numerous other reasons, an informal testbed within the NWS has been evaluating an energy-based alternative to the traditional top-down technique. This approach is a revised version of the Bourgouin technique which is widely utilized in post-processing of NWP output and which also provides precipitation-type nomograms in the popular Bufkit program. The testbed evaluation is based on operational use of the energy technique at NWS Chicago, experimental use at additional NWS offices, and detailed examinations of thousands of soundings across the northern United States and southern Canada from over 30 winter months. This presentation will review the motivations for this testbed, share some of the initial results, and summarize the reasons why the energy-based approach does appear to offer valuable improvements over the traditional temperature-based technique.
Toward a Coupled Modeling System to Improve Lake-Effect Prediction
Greg Mann, Ph. D.
NOAA/National Weather Service
White Lake, Michigan
Application of numerical weather prediction models at higher resolution has typically resulted in forecast skill improvements of mesoscale processes. However, advancement in lake-effect snowfall prediction has lagged. Much of the lag is owed to insufficient resolution of forecast model applications. Moreover, construction of physics parameterizations - especially boundary layer and microphysics schemes - is challenged by the extreme conditions presented by lake-effect convection.
In addition to the challenges posed to numerical model construction and configuration, variations in surface boundary conditions - specifically lake surface temperature and ice coverage - can dramatically alter the evolution of lake effect cloud and snow band structures. Furthermore, those surface boundary conditions also change through the course of an arctic airmass episode - thus lending to a coupled modeling approach. However, coupled modeling is yet to be applied with operational systems to the Great Lakes system. Ongoing initial work between NOAA/NWS, NOAA/OAR/GLERL, and NOAA/OAR/ESRL/GSD seeks to demonstrate the potential value of coupling the developmental version of the operational hydrodynamic model (FVCOM) with an operational short term mesoscale model (HRRR) to address improving lake-effect forecasts.
An examination of the influence of scale resolution, as it pertains to Great Lakes convective boundary layer organization and evolution, will be presented; demonstrating the challenges posed by lake effect to the current operational paradigm. Additionally, early results from the ongoing lake-effect improvement project will be presented - including leveraging flux tower measurements to isolate deficiencies in boundary layer physics parameterizations in lake-effect applications.
Lake Effect Snow Warning Polygon Experiment Verification
David Church
NOAA/National Weather Service
Buffalo, New York
Lake effect snow (LES) is a unique winter event, which can cause localized extreme winter weather with high impact to the public and commerce. Snowfall rates of up to three inches an hour can be common in these snow bands. It is known that snowfall rate can have a higher impact than actual snowfall totals. In many cases, the focus of these bands of snow will have widths of only ten to twenty miles across. WFOs Buffalo and Cleveland issue long-fused Lake Effect Snow Warnings on a zone by zone basis, while other Great Lakes offices are transitioning to long-fused Winter Storm Warnings as part of Hazard Simplification. A problem with both of these issuance schemes is that, due to the localized nature of LES, significant portions of counties within the warning may not be receiving substantial, if any, snowfall. Another issue is the transient nature that some of these events can exhibit, as shifting winds move the high-impact intense snows across the region.
Beginning in the winter of 2015-2016, WFO Buffalo began experimenting with creating polygons to be used in Lake Effect Snow Warning products to delineate the locations and timing of highest impact from LES. The goal of the product is to provide enhanced information as to the highest impact areas bordering Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, while reducing the area of False Alarm and increasing the effectiveness of the warning. The enhanced information provided by the polygon LES warning areas would allow for more organized and cost-effective use of public resources to minimize the effects of these high-impact LES events. This, in turn, would minimize the effect of LES events on transportation and commerce.
This presentation will focus on the verification of Lake Effect Snow Warning polygons. Given the challenges of verifying a polygon warning that varies both temporally and spatially, a new areal verification scheme was developed that allows objective comparisons between the new polygon-based warning and its legacy zone-based counterpart. The verification was performed retroactively for the 2016-2017 season as the verification methodology was being developed, and in near real-time to provide prompt feedback to the forecasters during the 2017-2018 season. The preliminary verification results show the polygon-based warnings have an overall improvement in skill over the zone-based warnings. This improvement is realized by reducing the false alarm area and increasing the effectiveness of the warning by introducing significant total warning time savings over the zone-based warnings. In the future, these polygons could be incorporated into other NWS warning products to provide enhanced spatial and temporal information to the public and our partners as part of the Forecasting a Continuum of Environmental Threats (FACETS) concept.
Dreaming of a White Christmas: A Review of the 25-26 December 2017 Lake Effect Snow Event in Erie, Pennsylvania
Zach Sefcovic
NOAA/National Weather Service
Cleveland, Ohio
Significant winter weather events are not uncommon to Erie, Pennsylvania and surrounding areas. Erie lies in the favorable snow belt region of the Lake Erie basin that spans from northeastern Ohio through northwestern Pennsylvania into western New York. The climate site at Erie International Airport receives on average 100.9 inches of snow per year with a majority of that snowfall occurring in December and January. On average, the Erie area typically sees about five warning criteria events each winter season, in which 8 or more inches of snowfall in a 24 hour period.
On 24 December 2017, a deepening synoptic low pressure system moved through the Ohio Valley and into the northeast. Some minor accumulations of snow fell across much of the Ohio Valley as the low moved through the area. However, as the low pressure system departed, winds veered over Lake Erie, allowing for lake effect snow to set up over the Erie area for Christmas Day. Over 5 feet of snow fell over the city of Erie during the 60 hours that followed. During a 24 hour period spanning portions of 25-26 December, 50.8 inches of snow was measured at Erie International Airport, potentially a 24-hour record for the state of Pennsylvania.
This presentation will overview the synoptic and mesoscale conditions that allowed for an extreme lake effect snow event in Erie, Pennsylvania. This event will be placed into a context with other significant lake effect snow events across the Lake Erie basin and will include a brief discussion of favorable band type for extreme lake effect snow events. An examination of forecast and observational challenges for Erie will be reviewed, including radar coverage limitations and the usefulness of GOES-16 when radar is insufficient. This presentation will also analyze the NWS Cleveland snow spotter network and show totals from across the region during the event. Finally, there will be a brief overview of the State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC) and the vetting of the Pennsylvania state snowfall records that were challenged after this event.
Keynote Speaker
GOES-16 Data and Products around the Great Lakes
Scott Lindstrom
University of Wisconsin – Madison SSEC/CIMSS
Madison, Wisconsin
Can there be too much of a good thing? No! GOES-16 data provides informative and visually compelling data. This talk will present basics about the ABI instrument (that might be a review for some) before transitioning to mostly Midwest-specific examples that show how ABI can give information that helps better diagnose the state of the atmosphere and land and water surfaces. A particular strength is many different ways to view similar information, as will be shown. And because it’s GOES-16, there will be some beautiful animations to view.
Objective Identification and Tracking of ZDR Columns in X-band Radar Observations
Patrick Saunders
NOAA/National Weather Service
Cleveland, Ohio
Previous research has shown that ZDR columns in polarimetric radar observations can provide information on updraft location and strength. While the first ZDR column was observed over 30 years ago, the full extent of their operational value and relationship to the kinematics and dynamics in storms has not been fully studied. We discuss efforts to objectively identify ZDR columns in X-band radar observations using the enhanced watershed algorithm (EWA; Lakshmanan et al. 2009), a method for identifying features in geospatial images. The EWA is applied to ZDR observations of convective storms obtained during the 2016 and 2017 VORTEX-SE field campaign by the University of Massachusetts X-band, polarimetric, mobile Doppler radar (UMass X-Pol). During several intensive observing periods (IOPs), a variety of convective storm modes, including multicellular clusters, supercells and quasi-linear convective systems, were observed. Use of the EWA facilitates fast and objective tracking of the progression and behavior of each individual ZDR column, which is done using the Lakshmanan and Smith tracking algorithm (LSA; Lakshmanan and Smith 2010).
Composite Study of Atmospheric Favorability for Flash Flooding in Warm and Cool Seasons in the Pittsburgh, PA Forecast Area
Tim Axford1 and Breynne Guy2
1NOAA/National Weather Service- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2Pennsylvania State University- State College, Pennsylvania
Heavy rainfall resulting in flash flooding affects most regions of the continental United States (CONUS) and poses a significant threat to life and property. The National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Pittsburgh's County Warning Area (CWA) is very susceptible to the impacts of flash flooding, with impacts often exacerbated by the interface of highly-variable terrain and interspersed, impermeable urbanized landscape. While flash flood events typically occur in the summer months (when moisture content of the atmosphere and thunderstorm activity are relatively high), these events do happen year-round in a variety of atmospheric setups.
North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) composites were constructed using the top 20 events (by number of counties impacted) to evaluate atmospheric features common to flash flood events during both the cold and warm seasons. It was found that impactful warm-season flash flood events occurred when low pressure was present across the southern Great Lakes region, with high pressure over the southeastern CONUS. This weather pattern encourages waves of convection from the northwest fueled by a moisture feed from strong, mid-level southwesterly flow into the region. Alternatively, cool-season flash flood events were driven largely by the presence of a deep trough over the central CONUS, resulting in deep, meridional flow transporting anomalously-high moisture content into the Upper Ohio Valley and widespread flash flooding.
The results of this study confirm long-held anecdotal suspicions by experienced local forecasters and have proven useful in the detection of conditions favorable for flash flooding across Pittsburgh's CWA.
CWSU Operations
Steven Kozak
NOAA/National Weather Service- Center Weather Service Unit
Oberlin, Ohio
Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs), including ZOB CWSU, were created on the heels of Southern Airways flight 242 crash on April 4, 1977. Ultimately severe thunderstorms were the cause of the crash that killed 72 people. However, contributing factors included poor communication of weather information between flight dispatch, air traffic control, and the flight crew, and the lack of understanding of radar output. To help mitigate future incidents, the NWS was approached to co-locate meteorologists at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), in a Decision Support Services (DSS) role. Partial staffing trickled into several Centers at first, then grew to support 4 National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologists at all 21 ARTCCs across the United States by the early 1980's.
The ZOB CWSU mission is to provide accurate and dependable weather information to FAA customers, both in-house and off site, contributing to the safest and most efficient use of the National Airspace System (NAS). This is accomplished in a variety of ways including, and perhaps most importantly, face-to-face and phone interactions with air traffic controllers, supervisors, and managers across ZOB airspace. Fostering relationships and gaining customer trust is vital in helping FAA personnel safely and efficiently route traffic. Other modes of communication involve creating and disseminating nationalized products such as Center Weather Advisories (CWAs) and Meteorological Impact Statements (MISs). ZOB CWSU meteorologists also provide graphical products and briefings, which are tailored to localized needs.
ZOB CWSU coordination efforts are made with the Aviation Weather Center (AWC), neighboring CWSUs, local WFOs, and Environment Canada, for forecast product consistency and accuracy. Some of these products include Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Traffic Flow Management Convective Forecast (TCF), and Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) issuance. Beyond day-to-day operations, ZOB CWSU meteorologists are involved in air traffic controller training activities, and outreach efforts to FAA facilities across the airspace.
The Evolution of NWS Digital Aviation Services: Developing a Unified Forecast Process
Marcia Cronce
NOAA/National Weather Service
Sullivan, Wisconsin
The National Weather Service (NWS) issues Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) for 665 airports out of approximately 19,000 public and private airfields; therefore, about 96.5% of U.S. public and private airfields do not receive dedicated NWS forecasts. NWS Digital Aviation Services (DAS) provide information not currently available with conventional TAFs because unlike point-based TAFs, DAS will enable partners to access forecaster-generated aviation forecasts at all locations via a gridded database.
In 2004, the NWS began experimenting with gridded ceiling height forecasts in order to provide aviation guidance to a wider range of customers. By 2010, several NWS offices expanded that effort to include forecast visibility grids, with the added ability to create and issue TAFs directly from the gridded forecast database. Taking advantage of improved aviation-related guidance, NWS Milwaukee adapted tools from the NWS Boston office in 2014 and created a weighted blend of short-term, high resolution models to provide a common starting point for forecasting ceiling height, visibility, and non-convective low level wind shear. This approach, combined with parameters already embedded in the forecast process, ensures consistency between TAFs and the public forecast by sharing a common database.
NWS Central Region plans to utilize the National Blend of Models (NBM) as its common starting point in the near future. This will ease collaboration efforts among NWS offices and help to create a skillful and nationally consistent database. NWS offices around the country are beginning to adopt this forecast process and streamlined tools, with the overall goal to have all NWS offices generating gridded aviation forecasts by 2021. This presentation will provide an overview of the DAS forecast process and show how DAS benefits forecasters and customers while meeting and exceeding verification goals.
Improving Forecast Consistency, Accuracy, and Efficiency to Help Implement the Central Region WRN Roadmap in the Great Lakes
Justin Titus
NOAA/National Weather Service
Marquette, Michigan
The Central Region (CR) Weather-Ready Nation (WRN) Roadmap identifies three important “evolution” pillars to guide the region forward into the future of Impact-Based Decision Support Services (IDSS): culture, consistency, and science. Prior to the development of the Roadmap, NWS offices in CR exhibited significant differences with respect to these key pillars. In order to produce consistent, effective, and reliable IDSS, all NWS offices need to function in a similar manner with a high level of partner engagement enabled through a suite of robust, regionally supported tools.
In 2016, the ForecastBuilder program was developed in CR to expand on our existing day 4-7 population tool and to address consistency issues between offices regarding snow and ice accumulations. The complexities of weather in the Great Lakes brought to light several weaknesses in the tools and model data used by ForecastBuilder. Based on forecaster feedback, numerous enhancements were made to existing tools, and additional tools were developed to improve the program and process. The net outcome was improved consistency and greater efficiency throughout the entire forecast process thus laying a foundation for consistent IDSS and forecast messaging.
Empowering NWS Partners to be Weather-Ready for Outdoor Events – New for 2018
Mike Bardou
NOAA/National Weather Service
Chicago, Illinois
Weather is one of the primary hazards posed to any outdoor event, especially those with large crowds and limited sheltering capacity. Over the past two years, NWS Chicago has been collaborating with emergency management partners and NWS offices serving Illinois and Indiana to develop a process to arm decision makers with knowledge, skills, and tools they can combine with NWS support to ensure their readiness for weather-related threats. This step-by-step weather watcher process guides users through key services available from the NWS, strengthens their weather assessment skills and encourages communication with the local WFO. The suite of tools has been completely updated to better meet the needs of weather watchers and decision makers. NWS Chicago has endeavored to conduct fifteen table top exercises to raise awareness of the importance of planning for adverse weather and help develop skills in using the weather watcher tools. The feedback and lessons learned during these exercises not only shape our decision support services but also provide a greater awareness of what NWS information is critical and how it is applied to life safety decisions. In addition, this effort has helped the WFO to more thoroughly understand the development and application of tabletop exercises and better align with how the emergency management community operates. This presentation will provide an overview of these new elements of the toolkit as well as the expansion of the toolkit across the NWS Central Region.
Managing and Effectively Using an Information Firehose During Severe Weather Warning Operations
Matthew T. Freidlein and Eric Lenning
NOAA/National Weather Service
Chicago, Illinois
A combination of technological advances and research-to-operations initiatives have equipped National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters with many tools to analyze severe weather environments and the storms within them, and in turn convey life-saving information. These advances include significantly higher temporal resolution radar data through improved scanning strategies, much more frequent and robust satellite data from GOES-16, convective allowing and statistical models that resolve meso-beta to storm scale, and a myriad of other datasets, both observational and predictive. In addition, plentiful visual and ground truth reports from trained storm spotters and the public are now received through a variety of platforms by NWS Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs). This information can be critical to forecasters deciding whether to issue, continue, or expire a warning. It also helps forecasters determining how to communicate a severe weather threat location in the coming hours. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging for forecasters in an NWS WFO environment to look at, filter, interpret, and synthesize this vast dataset into a coherent whole for the purposes of making critical decisions.
This “data firehose” quandary is one meteorologists not only in the NWS need to be aware of but any meteorologist using rapidly incoming essential data to make decisions ahead of and during hazardous weather. While no perfect solutions may exist to this, there can at least be strategies applied. This presentation will discuss the concept of situational awareness playbooks that provide an approach to harvesting the most beneficial datasets for the given scenarios while not distracting meteorologists with too much information. We will look at some different ways these data sources can be refined and visualized during severe weather. In addition, we will examine how certain severe weather staffing strategies may help manage incoming data while also keeping the outgoing flow of services at a high level of effectiveness.
A First Look at Results from the Toronto 2015 Environment Canada Pan Am Science Showcase (ECPASS)
David Sills
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Toronto, Ontario
The Pan American and Parapan American Games were held during July and August of 2015, respectively, at venues located across the Greater Toronto Area. As part of the Environment Canada Pan Am Science Showcase (ECPASS), special observations, model runs and research-related activities were undertaken to both demonstrate new monitoring and prediction capabilities and accelerate science development.
To better detect frequent lake breezes in the area, more than 50 surface stations were added to enhance the regional network and ground-based mobile observations were also made. In addition, Environment Canada’s HRDPS model was run with 2.5 km, 1.0 km and 250 m horizontal grid spacing.
This presentation will discuss a number of operationally useful results from the science demonstration related to mesoscale boundary detection, thunderstorm prediction, the utility of very high-resolution NWP, the Great Lakes influence on air quality, and directions for the future.
Canadian Weather Radar Replacement Project and Anticipated Impacts to Forecast Operations
Steve Knott
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Toronto, Ontario
The Canadian Weather Radar Replacement Program (CWRRP) is a seven year infrastructure program that will replace Canada’s existing network of aging and obsolete weather radars. Canada’s radar network will be upgraded from its current C band network to S band Dual Polarized radar starting in 2018. The phased deployment of these weather radars will have an impact on Forecast operations. After the initial outages during radar construction, Canadian meteorologists will experience an increased time increment for all radar products, increased effective Doppler range, less attenuation and Dual Polarized radar capabilities and products. This presentation will review the current deployment schedule, changes to the radar scan strategy, integration into existing radar display software and a few past examples where the new radar is expected to result in better detection of significant summer weather situations across Ontario.
Use of the National Lightning Detection Network for Transmission Interests within an Energy Company
Peter Manousos
FirstEnergy Corp
Akron, Ohio
The impact of lightning strikes on the reliability of FirstEnergy-owned (FE) transmission lines as part of the greater Bulk Electric System (BES) will be discussed. In particular, the use of near-real time and historical National Lightning Detection Network Data (NLDN) to establish outage causes and generate exposure analyses will be presented.
NLDN Lightning Strike Patterns for Southwest Lower Michigan
T.J. Turnage
NOAA/National Weather Service
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Spatial lightning strike patterns across Southwest Lower Michigan will be investigated by comparing different months of the year and hours of the day. Possible influences of Lake Michigan and other topographic features on these patterns will be discussed. Finally, temporal trends of lightning will be compared to severe weather report frequency to determine what, if any, relationship exists.
Link to the NOAA/NWS Eastern Region Travel Form:
https://docs.google.com/a/noaa.gov/forms/d/1wrXQetrHLBgbArPLyhDsV-2vUm8d0TrU3v_CTmQzcQE/viewform
This form is for all NOAA Employees.
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