Albany, NY

Weather Forecast Office

Skywarn™

About SKYWARN™
Skywarn Training Schedule
Becoming a Spotter
How to Report
What to Report
Frequently Asked Questions
Resources
Previous SKYWARN™ Training Sessions
CWA

What is SKYWARN™?

In most years, thunderstorms, tornadoes and lightning cause hundreds of injuries and deaths and billions in property and crop damages. To obtain critical weather information, the National Weather Service (NWS) established SKYWARN® with partner organizations. SKYWARN® is a volunteer program with between 350,000 and 400,000 trained severe weather spotters. These volunteers help keep their local communities safe by providing timely and accurate reports of severe weather to the National Weather Service.

Although SKYWARN® spotters provide essential information for all types of weather hazards, the focus is reporting on severe local thunderstorms. In an average year, the United States experiences more than 10,000 severe thunderstorms, 5,000 floods and more than 1,000 tornadoes.

Since the program started in the 1970s, the information provided by SKYWARN® spotters, coupled with Doppler radar technology, improved satellite and other data, has enabled NWS to issue more timely and accurate warnings for tornadoes, severe thunderstorms and flash floods. SKYWARN® storm spotters form the nation's first line of defense against severe weather. There can be no finer reward than to know that your efforts have given your family and neighbors the precious gift of time--minutes that can help save lives.

NWS encourages anyone with an interest in public service to join the SKYWARN® program. Volunteers include police and fire personnel, dispatchers, EMS workers, public utility workers and other concerned private citizens. Individuals affiliated with hospitals, schools, churches and nursing homes or who have a responsibility for protecting others are encouraged to become a spotter.

Spring 2025 Weather Spotter Training Schedule

Updated April 22, 2025:

No in-person or virtual Skywarn spotter training talks will be scheduled this season. However, an updated video recording focusing on summertime weather will become available on our YouTube page in early May. After watching each video, spotters are encouraged to return to this page and take an online 10-question quiz (the link will be provided once the videos have all been posted). Spotters that score an 80% or greater on the quiz will pass and receive an updated certificate and spotter handout sheet. Thank you for your interest in the spotter program!

Forecasters from the National Weather Service (NWS) in Albany, NY conduct storm spotter training sessions each year to help prepare spotters for the upcoming severe and winter weather seasons. These sessions are free and open to anyone who is interested in learning about hazardous weather and the role of a spotter. There are some eligibility requirements to be a spotter: You must be able to observe the weather, be 16 years or older and need access to a phone to call in reports, access to the internet to submit reports via email or social media, or be able to report information through the Amateur Radio Network.

Our live training sessions are approximately 1.5 to 2 hours in length, and once you complete the training, you will be an official SKYWARN™ spotter and given a spotter certificate. This goal of the training is to train spotters to assist local officials and the NWS with early detection of hazardous weather, and provide ground truth during severe and winter weather events. The learning objectives of our live and online webinar training sessions are:

Understand the how the NWS Integrated Warning System works and how the spotter fits into this system
Identify the ingredients needed for organized thunderstorms
Recognize the visual and environmental clues suggestive of severe weather
Distinguish between legitimate clues and non-significant features associated with severe weather
Learn about the different types of winter weather and how to measure each
Learn how to stay safe when storm spotting
Learn proper storm reporting procedures

Approximately one-third of NWS-Albany's spotters also are amateur radio operators. This dual role can be helpful, especially during a major storm such as a hurricane, when phone and power lines are downed and amateur radio may become the primary means of communications.

SKYWARN™ volunteers also help the NWS by reporting winter weather, flash flooding, etc., according to the established criteria. It must be stressed that we are looking for reliable and objective reports. When snowfall reports are inflated or hail sizes are exaggerated, for example, it can do more harm than good. While not a requirement, it is preferred that our SKYWARN™ volunteers would be available to receive a call from the NWS, in the event we feel that something suspicious is happening in their area. A questionnaire form handed out at the training sessions allows one to give additional information, such as hours of availability, access to rivers/streams, type of weather equipment owned (if applicable), etc.

Training sessions are held throughout eastern New York and western New England, typically in the spring and fall months. The latest training dates can be found on the Training Schedule tab just above. One can also find announcements on our website or on social media.

Relationship to COMET Training

We understand that some SKYWARN™ training courses are available through COMET (the Cooperative Program for Operations Meteorology, Education, and Training) entitled "Role of the SKYWARN™ Spotter" and "SKYWARN™ Spotter Convective Basics". These COMET courses do meet the requirements to become a NWS-Albany SKYWARN™ Spotter. In order to attain a Albany SKYWARN™ Spotter handout, you may either attend one of the in-person training classes offered, an online webinar session, or complete the online courses. Once you are a trained spotter, re-certification can also be done online.

Please contact us with your completed certificates.

Spotter reports help the NWS in the warning process. Your report becomes part of the warning decision making process, and is combined with radar data and other information and used by NWS forecasters to decide whether or not to:

Issue a new warning
Cancel an existing warning
Continue a warning
Issue a warning for the next county
Change the warning type (from severe thunderstorm to tornado, for example)

For your reports to be the most useful, they should be as detailed, concise, accurate and timely as possible. Your severe weather report should address the following questions:

HOW TO REPORT:

Only when it's safe to so, please use one of the following ways to contact NWS Albany with your storm report:

Email: alb.stormreport@noaa.gov
Facebook
Twitter
Local Storm Report Google Form
CoCoRaHS Significant Weather Report (Hail, High Snow/Rain Rates)
NWSChat (For Local Emergency Managers, HAM Radio Operators, Media)

Remember to include the following information:

WHAT did you see?
WHERE did you see it?
- â€‹Latitude & Longitude (most preferred)
- Road/street or nearest intersection & city/zip code
- Distance/direction from the nearest city (e.g., 4 NE Saratoga)
WHEN did you see it? What is the approximate time and duration?â€‹

Report the location/approximate location of the event. Be sure to distinguish clearly between where you are and where the event is thought to be happening (i.e., "I'm 5 miles north of Saratoga Springs. The tornado looks to be about 5 miles to my northwest"). Be sure that reports that are relayed through multiple sources carry the time of the event, NOT the report time.

Any other details that are important - How long did it last? Direction of travel? Was there damage? etc.

Although reporting criteria may vary slightly depending on the spotter network and local needs, the significant weather elements below (Severe, Hail, Wind, Winter) are ones the National Weather Service (NWS) would like to know about as soon as possible. Again, reports should provide as much detail as possible to describe the where, when, how, etc., of the event.

Click on each item to view reporting criteria

Severe
Hail
Flooding
Wind
Winter

Weather Event	Report Criteria	What Specifically to Report
TORNADO		What damage did you observe? How long was it on the ground? When did it start and end? How wide was it? How far did it travel if known?
FUNNEL CLOUD		Organized, persistent, sustained rotation
WALL CLOUD		Organized, persistent, sustained rotation
HAIL	*Pea-size or larger*	Report the largest size hailstone
WIND GUSTS	*40 mph or higher*	Specify estimate or measurement
RAINFALL		1 inch or greater in an hour, and every inch thereafter 2 inches or greater storm total
FLOODING		Report flooded roadways, river and streams, giving approximate water depth. Is it standing water or is it flowing? Is the water level continuing to rise, staying steady or falling? Is the flooding occurring in a known flood prone area? Any damage from the flooding or mudslides?
WINTER WEATHER		Precipitation Type (Snow, Sleet, Freezing Rain) & Amount
STORM DAMAGE		Damage to structures (roof, siding, windows, etc) Damage to vehicles (from hail and/or wind) Trees or large limbs down Power/telephone poles and/or lines down Damage to farm equipment, machinery, etc.

Commonly used hail sizes are provided below. As a reminder, spotters are encouraged to report pea-sized hail or greater.

Hail Type	Hail Size
Pea	0.25 inch
Half-inch	0.50 inch
Dime	0.75 inch
Nickel	0.88 inch
Quarter	1.00 inch
Half Dollar	1.25 inch
Ping Pong Ball	1.50 inch
Golf Ball	1.75 inch
Hen Egg	2.00 inch
Tennis Ball	2.50 inch
Baseball	2.75 inch
Tea Cup	3.00 inch
Grapefruit	4.00 inch
Softball	4.50 inch

There are many types of flooding hazards.

Weather Event	Criteria
Flash Flooding	A rapid and extreme flow of high water into a normally dry area, or a rapid water level rise in a stream or creek. What to report: Standing water 3+ feet deep Rushing water 1+ foot deep Water Rescues Requires immediate action to protect life and property!
River Flooding	What to report: Water from a river/stream approaching or inundating structure(s) Water from a river/stream flowing over the road Water, due to overflowing ditches or poor drainage, making roads impassable or lanes/roads closed Streams running at bankfull
Ice Jam Flooding	Ice jams are very unpredictable and highly unstable Need river rises to move ice; we look for: Multiple days of temperatures above freezing Heavy rainfall (possibly plus snowmelt) As long as ice remains jammed, the potential exists for new or renewed flooding. Potential impacts: Upstream of ice jam as river rises and water can't make it through the jam Downstream of jam if the dammed water releases suddenly (large pieces of ice can also create a hazard)

Weather Event

Criteria

Flash Flooding

A rapid and extreme flow of high water into a normally dry area, or a rapid water level rise in a stream or creek.
What to report:
- Standing water 3+ feet deep
- Rushing water 1+ foot deep
- Water Rescues
Requires immediate action to protect life and property!

River Flooding

What to report:
- Water from a river/stream approaching or inundating structure(s)
- Water from a river/stream flowing over the road
- Water, due to overflowing ditches or poor drainage, making roads impassable or lanes/roads closed
- Streams running at bankfull

Ice Jam Flooding

Ice jams are very unpredictable and highly unstable
Need river rises to move ice; we look for:
- Multiple days of temperatures above freezing
- Heavy rainfall (possibly plus snowmelt)
As long as ice remains jammed, the potential exists for new or renewed flooding. Potential impacts:
- Upstream of ice jam as river rises and water can't make it through the jam
- Downstream of jam if the dammed water releases suddenly (large pieces of ice can also create a hazard)

General guidelines for estimating wind speeds are below. As a reminder, we encourage spotters to report wind gusts of 40 mph or greater.

Wind Speed	Typically Observed Damage
30-44 mph (26-39 kt)	Whole trees in motion. Inconvenient walking into the wind. Light-weight loose objects (e.g., lawn furniture) tossed or toppled.
45-57 mph (39-49 kt)	Large trees bend; twigs, small limbs break and a few larger dead or weak branches may break. Old/weak structures (e.g., sheds, barns) may sustain minor damage (roof, doors). Buildings partially under construction may be damaged. A few loose shingles removed from houses.
58-74 mph (50-64 kt)	Large limbs break; shallow rooted trees pushed over. Semi-trucks overturned. More significant damage to old/weak structures. Shingles, awnings removed from houses; damage to chimneys and antennas.
75-89 mph (65-77 kt)	Widespread damage to trees with large limbs down or trees broken/uprooted. Mobile homes may be pushed off foundation or overturned. Roof may be partially peeled off industrial/commercial/ warehouse buildings. Some minor roof damage to homes. Weak structures (e.g., farm buildings, airplane hangars) may be severely damaged.
90+ mph (78+ kt)	Many large trees broken and uprooted. Mobile homes damaged. Roofs partially peeled off homes and buildings. Moving automobiles pushed off the road. Barns, sheds demolished.

Observations are not limited to severe storms only. The NWS is especially interested in reports when snow is falling and radar echoes are not always able to detect the amount of snowfall and conditions on the ground. Please pass on the following information to your weather service office:

Weather Event	Criteria
Winter Weather	Precipitation type changes (rain to sleet/freezing rain/snow, when the change has "taken hold") How much heavy snow accumulation is there and is there any damage? Do blizzard conditions exist: winds 35 mph+ AND visibility 1/4 mile or less? Thunder, when accompanied by snow Any occurrence of freezing rain, ice accumulation and damage.
Flooding	Minor, moderate or major flooding (including standing water 3+ feet deep, rushing water 1+ foot deep, water rescues, etc) Ice jams Mud or debris slides caused by heavy rain
Snowfall	Snowfall amounts 2-inches or greater If snowfall rates are 1-inch per hour or greater Final snowfall total immediately at the end of the storm

What is my spotter ID number? Do I get an ID card?ExpandCollapse

NWS Albany does issue spotter certificates but no longer issue Spotter ID numbers. In order to obtain your spotter certificate, you must attend a SKYWARN™ training session or complete the COMET courses. There is also retraining requirement every other year in which spotters can attend another live session or take the online class.

How do I become a member of SKYWARN™?ExpandCollapse

SKYWARN™ is not to be considered a club which requires membership. It is the concept of using volunteer storm spotters to provide critical information to local communities and to the NWS, and that is what has driven the storm spotter program since it began decades ago. Your community may have an organized storm spotter network that uses the name SKYWARN™, and you should contact your local emergency manager to find out what formal spotter networks are in place near you.

Do I need an amateur radio license to be a storm spotter?ExpandCollapse

It depends on your community and how involved you want to be. You do not have to be an amateur radio operator to make a weather report, but many spotter networks are made up of dedicated amateur radio operators who use radio to coordinate their local network and to relay reports to the NWS.

How do I report severe weather?ExpandCollapse

Tag us on Facebook or Twitter, submit through our Google Storm Report Form, or email us at alb.stormreport@noaa.gov

How long are the classes and are they free?ExpandCollapse

The SKYWARN™ classes generally run about 1 to 1.5 hours long. They are free and open to the public. Registration is required for all training sessions.

Is there a minimum age requirement to become a spotter?ExpandCollapse

Because of the complexity of severe thunderstorm structure and development, and the potential danger involved, spotting is recommended for adults. High School and Junior High School or Middle School students are welcome to attend the class with a parent or other adult. Spotter certificates are given to anyone who attends a training and is at least 16 years of age or older. People younger than 16 who desire a spotter certificate, and who can present special circumstances will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

If I have additional questions, who do I contact?ExpandCollapse

Please feel free to contact NWS Albany

Below are few resources hosted locally at the National Weather Service in Albany, NY, as well as National and Amateur Radio resources concerning SKYWARN™.

Storm Prediction Center | National Hurricane Center | Weather Prediction Center | Northeast River Forecast Center | Climate Prediction Center

NWS Albany Latest Storm Information
SKYWARN™ Operations Manual for Amateur Radio - Appendices (B, C, D)
WX2ALY Amateur Radio | National Association for Amateur Radio (ARRL) | ARES
Weather Spotters Field Guide | Other Publications - Brochures & Booklets
Stormbuster Newsletter
National SKYWARN™ Page
Additional Training Videos and Slide-shows (CoCoRaHS)

Below are previous SKYWARN™ training sessions and a quiz for your review.

Please note this training is only meant as a refresher. It is highly recommended you attend a live training session or online webinar when offered in the spring and fall, at least once every two years.