The August 28, 1990 Plainfield F-5 Tornado

Overview

Between 3:15 p.m. and 3:45 p.m. CDT on August 28th, 1990, a violent F-5 tornado ripped through a portion of Kendall and Will counties, taking the lives of 29 people and injuring 350. The tornado left a 16.4 mile-long damage path which ranged from 600 yards to a half a mile in width. An estimated total of $160 million dollars in damages was added up with a total of 470 homes destroyed and 1000 damaged.
 

Not only was this F-5 tornado disastrous, it was also very unusual for several reasons:

• The Plainfield tornado was the first tornado with a rating greater than F-3 to occur during the month of August in the state of Illinois (official NWS tornado records date back to 1950).
• It was the second killer tornado since 1950 to occur during the month of August in Illinois.
• This tornado remains the only F-5/EF-5 rated tornado documented in the United States during the month of August.
• The tornado had low clouds and rain surrounding it, making it difficult to see. Because of this, no known photographs or videos of this tornado exist.
• The tornado approached from the northwest; most tornadoes approach from the southwest.

Map of the Plainfield tornado's track, based on a damage survey performed by Dr. Ted Fujita Downloadable KMZ file Downloadable shapefile

Close-up of track over the Wheatland Plains subdivision	Close-up of track over Plainfield	Close-up of track over the Joliet/Crest Hill area

Maps showing parts of present-day Plainfield with roads impacted by the tornado that were present in 1990 (red) and newer roads that were built afterwards (green), showing just how much more of an impact this tornado would have had if it occurred today.

The original storm survey work by the late Dr. Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago.

Before the Enhanced Fujita Scale began being used in 2007, tornado damage was assessed using the Fujita Scale. On the Fujita Scale, an F5 tornado had estimated wind speeds of 261-318 mph and was defined as having incredible damage in which strong frame houses could be leveled and swept off of foundations, automobile-sized objects could be lifted up into the air, and trees would usually be debarked.

Damage Photos

Aerial Damage Photos

Aerial view of tornado damage path through southern Plainfield. View is from just northwest of Plainfield looking southeastward. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.	View is from just west of Plainfield looking east-southeastward. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.	View is from near 143rd Street and Wallin Drive northwest of Plainfield looking southeastward. Some of the most intense damage of the entire track occurred near the center of this photo. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.
View is from just west of Plainfield looking east-southeastward. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.	View is from just west of Plainfield looking eastward. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.	View is from just northwest of Plainfield looking south-southeastward. Photo attribution unclear, potentially Steve Longmire.

Accounts

For more, see our 2020 Facebook Post. Also see our 2015 Facebook Post at the 25th Anniversary.

Meteorology

The atmospheric conditions that spawned this deadly storm were typical of those that lead to severe weather. An upper-level shortwave trough was moving through the Great Lakes area, while below, a cold front was forecast to push its way south through northern Illinois. These were the focusing mechanisms for severe weather.

In fact, the necessary ingredients for severe weather were all present: moisture, instability, a source of lift, and wind shear. There was one ingredient for tornadoes though that appeared to be missing: a sharp change in wind speed and direction in the lower levels of the atmosphere (~5,000 ft and below). Deep-layer shear (~3,000 to 35,000 ft) was certainly considerable, with strong upper-level winds supportive of multicell and supercell storms with damaging winds and large hail. Without low-level shear, however, the data suggested that tornadoes may not be a prominent threat.

2 p.m. CDT August 28, 1990 surface analysis map showing the hot and moist air mass in place with a cold front pushing in.	7 p.m. CDT August 28, 1990 Peoria, IL weather balloon launch data. Noted on this sounding plot is a massive amount of instability and winds increasing in speed above 5,000 ft.

On August 27, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) in Kansas City, Missouri (predecessor to the Storm Prediction Center, or SPC of Norman, Oklahoma), issued a severe weather outlook which indicated a risk for severe storms in the Great Lakes region, including northern Illinois, the following day. During the overnight hours into August 28, an updated outlook continued to indicate a "slight risk" of severe storms in the area. At 9:52 a.m. CDT, the NSSFC upgraded their severe thunderstorm outlook for northern Illinois from a Slight to a Moderate Risk, suggesting a greater coverage of damaging storms.

Severe weather outlook issued by the NSSFC on August 27, 1990, for August 28. From Iowa State University's IEM microfilm archive of SELS/NSSFC products.	Severe weather outlook issued by the NSSFC during the overnight hours early on August 28, 1990. From Iowa State University's IEM microfilm archive of SELS/NSSFC products.	Severe weather outlooks issued by the NSSFC during the day on August 28, 1990. From Iowa State University's IEM microfilm archive of SELS/NSSFC products.

At 1:28 p.m., NSSFC issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for portions of northern Illinois. After thunderstorms began to develop near the north central Illinois and Wisconsin border around noon, conditions increasingly began to favor supercells. CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) values rose from 4000 J/kg across much of northern Illinois to an incredible 7000 J/kg by 3:00 p.m., giving thunderstorms extremely explosive energy. The cold front could be seen almost exactly crossing the state border at this time, with the high values south of it representative of very warm temperatures in the mid to upper 90s and oppressive dew points reaching the upper 70s.

Despite the continued lack of pronounced low-level shear, the impressive parameters for supercell growth allowed an initial storm to quickly produce one or two brief tornadoes near Pecatonica and Seward, Illinois, just west of Rockford at 1:42 p.m. This occurred shortly after the NSSFC issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for the area at 1:28 p.m. As a dominant storm emerged later and ventured further into extreme instability and strong shear, it exploded to a height of over 65,000 feet and displayed classic supercell behavior, including a hook echo and southeast movement to the right of the upper-level winds that would normally steer it. This motion brought the storm through DeKalb and Kane Counties as it dealt strong winds and a swath of golf ball to tennis-ball sized hail.

Severe Thunderstorm Watch issued for northern Illinois and northwestern Indiana at 1:28 p.m. CDT on August 28, 1990. From Iowa State University's IEM microfilm archive of SELS/NSSFC products.

Imagery collected by the WSR-74 radar site MMO on August 28, 1990, showed a strong echo moving southeastward from near Rockford to near Joliet during the early afternoon hours. Between DeKalb and Joliet, radar data indicated a hook echo on the storm, which was most evident as it moved into northwestern Will County. 

GOES visible satellite images showing the development and progression of thunderstorms across northern Illinois at (a) 12:46 p.m. CDT; (b) 1:46 p.m. CDT; (c) 2:46 p.m. CDT; and (d) 3:46 p.m. CDT during the afternoon of August 28. Photo from the Natural Disaster Survey Report.	Animation of digitized radar imagery from the MMO WSR-74 radar site on August 28, 1990, from 12:46 p.m. to 3:49 p.m. CDT. Created from a combination of archived radar display photos in the Natural Disaster Survey Report and the technical report "Plainfield Tornado of August 28, 1990" by Theodore Fujita, and also analysis of archived hand contours of radar imagery.	Animation of digitized radar imagery from the MMO WSR-74 radar site on August 28, 1990, from 1:46 p.m. to 3:49 p.m. CDT, zoomed in to the western Chicago suburbs. Created from a combination of archived radar display photos in the Natural Disaster Survey Report and the technical report "Plainfield Tornado of August 28, 1990" by Theodore Fujita, and also analysis of archived hand contours of radar imagery.

As this storm continued to build, a change in low-level winds was observed. Once generally northwest, surface winds quickly backed to the southwest. With surface winds out of the southwest and the upper-level winds from the northwest, the change in wind direction resulted in nearly 90 degrees of directional shear with height. This was more than necessary for rotating storms and played a significant role in increasing the threat for tornadoes.

Unfortunately, that turning in such an extremely unstable atmosphere was all that was necessary for the devastation caused on this day. The supercell first dropped four separate brief tornadoes in rural southern Kane County, but after these attempts, it was able to fully realize the wind shear in the surrounding environment and formed an extremely powerful tornado near Oswego in Kendall County.

Reanalysis of the meteorological environment from that day can also shed light to the ingredients that were at work. Below are some reanalyzed images from the ERA5 dataset that was created from observational data that day. These images focus on kinematics (wind fields and associated parameters) from August 28, 1990. Note that these images are not from the NWS Storm Prediction Center (SPC), but were analyzed so that the output is in a format consistent with their Hourly Mesoscale Analysis that NWS forecasters use in real-time during severe weather events.

August 28, 1990 4 p.m. CDT: Reanalyzed 250 mb heights, winds, and divergence	August 28, 1990 4 p.m. CDT: Reanalyzed 500 mb heights, winds, and temperatures	August 28, 1990 4 p.m. CDT: Reanalyzed effective deep layer shear

As shown by these reanalysis images, the strong upper-level (250 mb) and mid-level (500 mb) winds, known as jet streaks, were shifting southward, and their influence was quickly spreading over the area in the afternoon. The analyzed 250 mb winds of 80-85 kt impinging into northern Illinois is right at record levels for late August over northern Illinois using the SPC's Sounding Climatology dataset. This setup, especially at peak heating time in the afternoon (i.e. combined with explosive instability), was favorable for a region of robust ascent and well-organized storm structure. The effective shear of 40+ kt was sufficient for sustained supercell storm structure.

Here is a reanalyzed sounding, or vertical atmospheric profile plot, also from the ERA-5 dataset. This is for 1 p.m. that afternoon in Romeoville, IL, which is just a few miles away from where the tornado tracked. This is modified for the temperature (91°F) and dew point (76°F) observed in the area at that time.

August 28, 1990 1 p.m. CDT reanalyzed sounding for Romeoville, IL

This reanalyzed sounding indicates the extreme instability (6,000 J/kg+) that was observed in the region by the Peoria (PIA) sounding later that day. The wind barbs gradually turn and increase in speed with height, characterizing the wind shear of that day. The low-level turning is not particularly strong, but is sufficient for supercells, especially in the proximity of any near-surface backing of the winds -- which was likely observed the day of the tornado near a meteorological boundary/discontinuity that the tornado formed along. It was also possible that the low-level winds increased ahead of the storm cluster as it moved in from the northwest, possibly only an hour or so in advance, but enough to markedly increase the low-level shear.

This sounding really captures a northwest flow severe weather event in the Midwest. The low-level winds do not have to necessarily be from a due south direction for a potent tornado setup, and the extreme instability and deep-layer shear and turning can compensate for a marginal to modest low-level shear profile. As a very interesting point on this sounding, see the Sounding Analogue System (SARS) at the bottom center of the image for dates that had similar observed soundings to this reanalyzed profile. The two supercell storm mode dates listed in the region are indeed August 28, 1990 (Peoria sounding) and the July 13, 2004 afternoon sounding from NWS Central Illinois (ILX), which was a day that saw a violent F-4 tornado strike near Roanoke, IL. That too was a potent northwest flow event during the summertime.

Advancements

Advancements Since 1990

For the 25th and 30th anniversaries of the 1990 Plainfield tornado in 2015 and 2020, we attempted to summarize some of the key advancements in meteorology that had taken place since that event. Since that time, additional remarkable advancements have continued to change the way that we forecast, warn for, and communicate the threats posed by severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. This information was compiled by former student volunteers Nicole Batzek and Cameron Nixon, as well as past and present staff of NWS Chicago.

These advancements can be grouped into the following categories:

• Modeling

• Observing

• Monitoring

• Spotting

• Warning

• Communicating

• Radar

Modeling

Within the science of computer programming, the practice of numerical modeling has grown from almost nonexistent to being a vital part of the forecast process.

• In 1990, only a few computer models existed, and those that did were not nearly as advanced as they are today.

• Now, numerous, highly complex models including the GFS (Global Forecast System), the ECMWF (European Model), the NAM (North American Mesoscale), the RAP (Rapid Refresh), and the HRRR (High-Resolution Rapid Refresh) can provide insight into weather conditions, including those favorable for severe weather hours, days, and even a week in advance.

• Advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have also enhanced our ability to model and forecast the weather. In fact, several machine learning/AI models have been developed specifically for the purpose of forecasting the likelihood severe weather occurring several days in advance.

Model simulation of radar reflectivity vs. actual radar observations of a derecho event in the Mid-Atlantic.

Observing

The observation of current weather conditions has grown from spotty and infrequent to dense and continuous. Now, ASOS (Automated Surface Observing System) stations are present across much of the country, and “mesonet” networks have been created to monitor changes in weather conditions in very specific locations, providing exceedingly high spatial and temporal weather observation data.

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)

Monitoring

Weather radar has also become increasingly more effective in “seeing” through the inner workings of thunderstorms.

• In 1990, the NWS Chicago radar used 1974 technology that could only tell us the intensity of precipitation, leading us to infer storm types based on patterns. Warning forecasters, who were remotely located away from the radar site, could only view basic data on a TV monitor and needed to have details of what the radar operator was seeing relayed to them through radar summary products or by phone.

• The current NWS Chicago radar, which is located at the NWS Chicago Weather Forecast Office in Romeoville, is more powerful with much higher resolution. Thanks to Doppler capability, it can detect motion within a storm, allowing us to know if and where it is rotating or showing signs of producing a tornado. In addition, it features Dual-Polarization technology, which can distinguish between rain, hail, ice, snow, and other material. In some cases, it can serve as an alert that a tornado is ongoing by detecting debris that the tornado is lofting into the air!

Dual-Polarization radar imagery. See the "Changes in Radar Monitoring" section below for a more extensive discussion of recent advances in radar technology.

Beyond radar, another very significant advancement has been the deployment of new GOES satellites starting in 2017. Unlike previous satellites, which had relatively coarse resolutions, less frequent updates, and slower data delivery, the new GOES satellites can scan portions of the United States looking at 16 different wavelengths of energy using a horizontal resolution from 0.5 to 2 km, a temporal resolution of 1 minute, and a data latency of just 1 minute. The information in the 16 wavelengths can be combined to tell a forecaster things like whether a storm may start producing lightning, or the apparent strength of the updraft in a storm based on the temperature of the overshooting cloud top relative to the rest of the thunderstorm anvil.

Infrared satellite imagery overlaid on top of visible satellite imagery during the August 10, 2020 derecho. The redder colors are indicative of colder cloud top temperatures, which correlate to deeper cloud depths and more intense thunderstorms.

The new GOES satellites also contain a Geostationary Lightning Mapper that helps forecasters track trends in lightning activity and anticipate thunderstorm intensification.

Satellite imagery courtesy of NWS Green Bay

When it comes to monitoring evolving weather ahead of and during potential high impact events, mesoanalysis has seen incredible advancements. Much of this has to do with satellite data, but advancements in computer model analysis and an ever-growing conceptual understanding of severe weather and tornadoes have also contributed. NWS meteorologists train on recognizing, forecasting, communicating, and warning severe weather events throughout the entire year. Applying training and research-to-operations is a key foundation toward messaging severe weather threat areas and times, and this is now routinely done by NWS offices ahead of potential severe weather events.

Spotting

With increasing awareness of severe weather, more people are willing to learn how to prepare themselves and how to report severe weather.

In 1990, the NWS was able to run spotter training sessions that taught just over 1000 people how to recognize severe storms. On August 28th, however, no organized spotter networks were activated, and thus, no reports of wind damage, hail, or tornadoes were received by the Chicago NWS office until after the worst had occurred. Storm chasers were able to observe a wall cloud, hail, and high winds through rural DeKalb and Kane Counties, but they could not get ahead of the storm to see the tornado form. Without cell phones, their observations could not be relayed to the NWS, who in turn had little or no communications with emergency management and law enforcement in Kane, Kendall, and Will Counties prior to or during the storm. The first report of a tornado was received as it dissipated in Joliet, after the damage had been done.
 

Now, the Chicago NWS office trains nearly 3,000 people a year in spotting (usually between February and April) to prepare for severe weather season. An all-day severe weather training seminar is conducted most years by the DuPage County Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, the College of DuPage, and the NWS for dedicated spotters and emergency management. Not only do spotters now have a variety of ways to easily report severe weather and their location in real-time, but live video streaming has become popular amongst the spotter and storm chaser community, allowing for NWS meteorologists to watch live visuals of how storms are evolving in real time as if they were there themselves. Spotter training now emphasizes safety precautions, the importance of a weather-ready plan, and how to receive weather information. It also demonstrates how to observe specific cloud features indicative of a severe storm or the possibility of a tornado, and how to report any information so that warnings can come sooner.

Warning

With meteorology’s overwhelming advancements, it is now possible to know with greater accuracy who to warn, and warn people earlier when the few extra minutes matter most.

• Before, entire counties would be placed under blanket Tornado Warnings, which provided little in the way of precision and tornado impact information. These warnings were first relayed to emergency management, law enforcement, and the media by radio and wire services. The public received these warnings through two NOAA Weather Radio stations, one in Rockford and one in Chicago.
   

• Now, all warnings are relayed almost instantaneously via satellite communications, and eleven NOAA Weather Radio transmitters across northern Illinois and northwest Indiana provide coverage to nearly 100 percent of the population in the area. Radio broadcasts contain coded information that can trigger radios for specific types of alerts for specific counties. Tornado Warnings, such as those issued for the devastating tornado that impacted Rochelle and Fairdale, Illinois on April 9, 2015, distinguish between tornadoes that are “radar indicated”, “radar confirmed”, “spotter confirmed”, or “law enforcement confirmed”, include cities and other locations in the path and the estimated time they will be impacted, and uses strategic wording to convey the damage potential, including “Considerable” and “Catastrophic”. An example from April 9th, 2015 is shown below.

The text of the Rochelle Area Tornado Warning from April 9, 2015

Communicating

Communication methods, frequency, and availability have changed dramatically since 1990.

• In 1990, the slow process of reporting and relaying weather information was oftentimes not quick enough, and unfortunately for some, the warnings came too late as a result.

• Now, in addition to radio and television, a plethora of communication methods have emerged that allow for a redundancy in communication that reaches as many people as possible.

  • The NWS has a much closer and more effective relationship with county and community emergency management, many of whom are responsible for the activation of outdoor warning sirens.

  • To help warn large groups of people more quickly, the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Education, and NOAA have teamed up to provide weather radios to every school in the country.

  • With the significant advancements in mobile technology, a large percentage of the population can receive and communicate warnings instantly by cell phone or other mobile device. The WEA (Wireless Emergency Alert) system, a joint cooperation by the FCC and FEMA, now pushes Tornado Warnings and higher-end Severe Thunderstorm and Flash Flood Warnings straight to cellular devices that are present in the warned area.

  • Online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter ensure that warnings reach hundreds of thousands of people in minutes. They also serve as a source of ground truth of the impact that a storm is having. In addition to satellite, radio, cellular, and internet feeds, NWS Chicago has made extensive use of social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, to convey severe weather potential to the public at large.

Example of a Graphical Nowcast shared in a social media post during the April 9, 2015 violent tornado event.

Changes in Radar Monitoring

Much has changed with the National Weather Service’s radar program since the Plainfield tornado. Throughout the 1990s, the network of 128 WSR-57 and WSR-74 radars (WSR stands for “Weather Surveillance Radar”) were replaced by the WSR-88D as part of the National Weather Service's modernization efforts. This is the Doppler radar that is still in use today at National Weather Service forecast offices across the country, with the associated fleet of 159 S-band radars making up the Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) network. 

Example of a WSR-57 radar image from Nashville in 1971.

Radar Upgrades

Since its initial installation at WFO Chicago, our radar has undergone a series of additional upgrades as advances in radar meteorology have allowed us to continually improve our remote sensing capabilities. This includes everything from improvements in post-processing techniques used to translate the “raw” radar signals into the data we’re used to seeing on computer and television displays, to physical hardware changes which took place towards the end of 2011 as part of the nationwide Dual-Polarization upgrade.

Advances in signal processing -- the conversion of the electronic signals received by the radar into data displays such as the one below -- have allowed us to greatly increase the resolution of the WSR-88D, even without any physical alterations to the radar itself. This has resulted in an 8-fold increase in the data available for storm interrogation!

Better Radar Scanning Strategies

A radar scanning strategy known as SAILS (Supplemental Adaptive Intra-Volume Low-Level Scan) now allows our radar to make repeated scans at the lowest elevation within an individual volume scan. Depending on the scanning strategy employed, this results in low-level radar imagery updates as frequently as every 60 to 90 seconds -- a stark contrast to the 5-6 minutes that these updates took during the 1990s and early 2000s. Another radar scanning strategy addition was rolled out in 2020, allowing us to make repeated scans in the low-levels AND mid-levels of thunderstorms to better sample developing rotation, for example.

Preparedness

Bottom Line: Is Chicago Prepared?

Despite the advances in science, technology, communications, and education, the Chicago metro area remains vulnerable to significant and potentially devastating severe weather events.

As of 2025, a violent F4/EF4 or F5/EF5 tornado has not occurred in the Chicago metro area since the Plainfield tornado in 1990 (list of significant tornadoes in the Chicago metro). That means that an entire generation of citizens has never experienced a major tornado in the metro area. Many people have moved to northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana from other parts of the country, or other parts of the world, and may not be familiar with Chicago’s history of violent tornadoes. Many people still believe the myths that tornadoes can’t hit urban areas or will be stopped by the cool water of Lake Michigan.

The truth is tornadoes have occurred in the heart of other major cities in just the past couple of decades, including in Atlanta, Fort Worth, Salt Lake City, Nashville, St. Louis, and Miami, as well as other large communities such as Joplin and Tuscaloosa. Several tornadoes have struck the City of Chicago in the past, including on back to back days on July 14th and July 15th in 2024, when a total of 6 tornadoes occurred within Chicago's city limits across these two days.

Despite the high speed communications available, many people still rely on tornado sirens – which are designated as outdoor warning systems and are not necessarily meant to be heard indoors. Also, as the population of the metro area grows and spreads farther out, more people get put in harm’s way. The truth is that large violent tornadoes have struck the Chicago metro area in the past, and they will again. It is only a matter of time. We now have the tools, the communications, and the partnerships with emergency management and the media to effectively warn people when the big one strikes.

Even with all of the advances in the severe thunderstorm and tornado warning process and the abundant communication resources available today, people still need to take personal responsibility to plan, practice, monitor, and act.

	NWS Chicago Weather Preparedness Page
Click here for a multi-page PDF document.

Plan: Develop a plan for your circumstances (home, school, ball park, business, etc.)

• Know the threats associated with your situation (consider lightning, tornado, hail, snow storm, extreme heat…)
• Address each threat as it applies to you (consider time of day, kids at school or home alone, parents working, shift change at work…)
• Go to the lowest floor, maximize walls, and minimize windows. The safest place is in an underground shelter or basement, but if that is not an option, then an interior room away from windows on the lowest floor is your best choice. Put as many walls between you and the outside as possible. In a high rise, get into an interior room with no windows. Mobile homes are not safe during tornadoes. Abandon mobile homes and go to the nearest sturdy building or shelter immediately.

Practice: Run through your plan periodically, like a fire drill

• How much time do you need to reach shelter?
• Does everyone know their role?
• Re-evaluate your plan

Monitor: If there is a risk of severe weather, monitor the weather!

• Designate a weather watcher (especially for schools, businesses, large event venues, etc.). This person pays attention to the weather.
• Check the Hazardous Weather Outlook each day; monitor for watches and warnings. If there is a threat for storms, monitor radar. “If Thunder Roars, Go Indoors” and check for warnings. If a watch is in effect and you hear thunder, check for warnings.
• Have multiple ways to receive weather warnings: NOAA Weather Radio, WEA messages, www.weather.gov/chicago, local media, phone apps, or subscriptions to an alerting service (www.weather.gov/subscribe)
• NOAA Weather Radio is the quickest way to be alerted to a warning and can wake you up in the middle of the night

Act: Be proactive, if threatening weather approaches or warnings are issued, activate your plan.

• How will you let everyone know that the plan is being initiated?
• While none of us like to be inconvenienced, especially by weather, dropping everything and seeking shelter is essential to surviving a tornado whenever a warning is issued. If a watch is in effect, you want to be able to get to a storm shelter within minutes.

Links

• Plainfield Public Library District page on the August 28, 1990 Tornado
• "Eight Minutes in August: The F-5 Plainfield Tornado of 1990" -- A special by media partner Tom Skilling (WGN-TV)
• Severe Weather Preparedness
• Severe Weather and Tornado Climatology for Northern Illinois and Northwest Indiana
• More on Tornado Intensity Estimation
• Past Weather Events for Northern Illinois and Northwest Indiana